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Gender Relations, Livelihood Security and Reproductive Health Among Women Refugees in Uganda. The Case of Sudanese Women in Rhino Camp and Kiryandongo Refugee Settlements /

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Gender Relations, Livelihood Security and Reproductive Health Among Women Refugees in Uganda. The Case of Sudanese Women in Rhino Camp and Kiryandongo Refugee Settlements // Deborah Mulumba.
Author:	Mulumba, Deborah,
Description:	1 electronic resource (365 pages)
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 83-03, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International83-03B.
Subject:	Violence. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=28238853
ISBN:	9798516035074

Gender Relations, Livelihood Security and Reproductive Health Among Women Refugees in Uganda. The Case of Sudanese Women in Rhino Camp and Kiryandongo Refugee Settlements /
Mulumba, Deborah,

Gender Relations, Livelihood Security and Reproductive Health Among Women Refugees in Uganda. The Case of Sudanese Women in Rhino Camp and Kiryandongo Refugee Settlements /Deborah Mulumba. - 1 electronic resource (365 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 83-03, Section: B.

This study is an actor-oriented and gender analysis of the social relations, livelihood security and reproductive health of Sudanese refugees in Uganda. It is based on fieldwork in two refugee settlements, namely, Rhino Camp in Arua district and Kiryandongo in Masindi district. Although a gendered study, the focus is on women refugees who bear the brunt of the hardships and challenges of reproductive health in refugee situations. In this study I sought to find out how women refugees, who, while starting off at a less privileged position, respond to the various complex dynamics of political, social, economic and gender arrangements which connote power relations. Apart from the intra household relations, I studied the women refugees' encounters with the several actors involved in the provision of humanitarian aid, and how they use their agency to interpret and make meaning before responding to development interventions. The refugee assistance programme in both refugee settlements provided a useful development intervention, which I subjected to inquir.From an actor-oriented and gender perspective, I examined government refugee policies and humanitarian policies and programmes with a view to establishing how the actual institutional arrangements reproduce and perpetuate gender biases in the refugee reintegrating process. The actor-oriented approach starts with the premise that social actors have agency and they reflect upon their experiences and what happens around them and use their knowledge and capabilities to interpret and respond to development. One way to recognize the characteristics of diversity and inequality is to focus on the actors. This was done by a careful analysis of every day activities and social interactions by the several social actors in their own domains including the households, the health centres and hospitals, UNHCR, local and central government officials and implementing partners. Because social actors and human agency are socially constructed, I in addition adopted a gender analysis perspective because individuals have socially constructed identities. These identities influence the position and the kind of strategies open to the individuals in the various hierarchies, which they occupy. Gender relations in a given socio-cultural setting are shaped by ascribed positions of an individual according to sex, age and other attributes like level of education, etc. A gender analysis was applied in every event including human interactions and encounters.Chapter 1 introduces the problem, the rationale, the research motivation as well as the objectives of the study. Chapter 2 is about theories and concepts used in the analysis of the study. It reviews the phases of the evolution of the feminist movement and discusses the actor-oriented and gender analytical framework. The last part of the chapter reviews the literature on concepts used in the study. Chapter 3 introduces the research questions and the methodology considerations. Grounded Theory was chosen as a general methodological approach. Data were collected by household survey and case study analysis. The former was done to obtain a general understanding of the socio-economic characteristics of refugees in settlements. The in-depth case study analysis was done to bring to light the 'hidden' voices of vulnerable refugees and their coping mechanisms. A total of 13 case studies were analyzed and documented.Chapter 4 describes the history and management of refugees and displacement in Uganda. The discussion looks at the pre-independence migration and Second World War refugees, the contemporary refugees in Uganda and their subsequent management by the Uganda government and the UNHCR. The last part of the chapter discusses armed conflict and internal displacement in Uganda. Chapter 5 analyzes the international and national health policies. The main health policy is premised on the Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy. Reproductive health policies derive their scope from the deliberations of the ICPD conference in Cairo in 1994. The study indicates that there is a gap between policy and practice due to several constraints including bad politics, structural adjustment programmes, chronic poverty and HIV/AIDS pandemic. Chapter 6 examines the organizations and programmes dealing with reproductive health in Uganda. It notes how the Anglican and Catholic missionaries introduced western health care to Uganda, before the government played a crucial role to ensure a healthy population. Partnerships focusing on reproductive health including HIV/AIDS have been established between Ministry of Health, the UN and several NGOs. The study has established that despite the effort to implement reproductive health policies in rural areas the main reproductive health programmes still target maternal and child health.Chapter 7 explores the study area and the host environment. It examines the social, economic and political situation of Uganda. The geographical position of the country makes it susceptible to refugee influxes. A cursory look at the social and economic indicators compounded by the protracted war in northern Uganda helps one to conclude that Uganda is vulnerable and lacks the capacity to absorb large influxes of refugees. Chapter 8 and 9 enter the life world of women refugees in Rhino Camp and Kiryandongo. The chapter discusses the nature of the social relations and the gender arrangement patterns and how these are disrupted during refuge. The traditional pattern of male head appears to be disrupted by the UNHCR policy of distributing resources to refugees irrespective of gender. This included land. While ownership of land by women was empowering, it nevertheless created gender conflicts. It also acted as a catalyst to human reproduction seeing as the size of land to be allocated depended on the number of members in a household. We saw that humanitarian polices do not take into consideration the indigenous knowledge of the refugees. Pregnant refugee women are discouraged from using any form of 'traditional' medicine. Equally, pregnant women deliver majority of their babies with TBAs as opposed to the professionally trained midwives. The vulnerability of adolescent refugees girls raises concern. Several teenage girl refugees are exploited and some are sexually abused. The Implementing Partner lacks a gender policy and does not adequately respond to issues of vulnerability which result into exploitation and gender based violence and poor access to resources. The several case studies documented in these chapters show the vulnerability of refugee girls and women to male violence of a physical and sexual nature. They also indicate the lack of redress mechanism. The food insecurity in Kiryandongo leads to malnutrition and mortality among the under 5s. This was a result of poor soils; inefficient farming methods, and the fact the refugees sold their food crops to buy other necessities of life. The infant deaths then catapulted the need to replenish oneself. Chapter 10 is the conclusion. In this chapter I recap the theoretical reflections as well as the key findings and outline some implications of the study on gender relations, livelihood security and reproductive health of refugee women. I also identify measures that must be put in place in order to ensure gender sensitivity during the implementation of what are already gender-sensitive policies.

English

ISBN: 9798516035074Subjects--Topical Terms:

528323
Violence.

Gender Relations, Livelihood Security and Reproductive Health Among Women Refugees in Uganda. The Case of Sudanese Women in Rhino Camp and Kiryandongo Refugee Settlements /
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500 $a Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 83-03, Section: B.
500 $a Advisors: Frerks, Georg Committee members: van Dijk, J. W. M. ; Niehof, A. ; Kibreab, Gaim; Hilhorst, D. J. M .
502 $b Ph.D. $c Wageningen University and Research $d 2005.
520 $a This study is an actor-oriented and gender analysis of the social relations, livelihood security and reproductive health of Sudanese refugees in Uganda. It is based on fieldwork in two refugee settlements, namely, Rhino Camp in Arua district and Kiryandongo in Masindi district. Although a gendered study, the focus is on women refugees who bear the brunt of the hardships and challenges of reproductive health in refugee situations. In this study I sought to find out how women refugees, who, while starting off at a less privileged position, respond to the various complex dynamics of political, social, economic and gender arrangements which connote power relations. Apart from the intra household relations, I studied the women refugees' encounters with the several actors involved in the provision of humanitarian aid, and how they use their agency to interpret and make meaning before responding to development interventions. The refugee assistance programme in both refugee settlements provided a useful development intervention, which I subjected to inquir.From an actor-oriented and gender perspective, I examined government refugee policies and humanitarian policies and programmes with a view to establishing how the actual institutional arrangements reproduce and perpetuate gender biases in the refugee reintegrating process. The actor-oriented approach starts with the premise that social actors have agency and they reflect upon their experiences and what happens around them and use their knowledge and capabilities to interpret and respond to development. One way to recognize the characteristics of diversity and inequality is to focus on the actors. This was done by a careful analysis of every day activities and social interactions by the several social actors in their own domains including the households, the health centres and hospitals, UNHCR, local and central government officials and implementing partners. Because social actors and human agency are socially constructed, I in addition adopted a gender analysis perspective because individuals have socially constructed identities. These identities influence the position and the kind of strategies open to the individuals in the various hierarchies, which they occupy. Gender relations in a given socio-cultural setting are shaped by ascribed positions of an individual according to sex, age and other attributes like level of education, etc. A gender analysis was applied in every event including human interactions and encounters.Chapter 1 introduces the problem, the rationale, the research motivation as well as the objectives of the study. Chapter 2 is about theories and concepts used in the analysis of the study. It reviews the phases of the evolution of the feminist movement and discusses the actor-oriented and gender analytical framework. The last part of the chapter reviews the literature on concepts used in the study. Chapter 3 introduces the research questions and the methodology considerations. Grounded Theory was chosen as a general methodological approach. Data were collected by household survey and case study analysis. The former was done to obtain a general understanding of the socio-economic characteristics of refugees in settlements. The in-depth case study analysis was done to bring to light the 'hidden' voices of vulnerable refugees and their coping mechanisms. A total of 13 case studies were analyzed and documented.Chapter 4 describes the history and management of refugees and displacement in Uganda. The discussion looks at the pre-independence migration and Second World War refugees, the contemporary refugees in Uganda and their subsequent management by the Uganda government and the UNHCR. The last part of the chapter discusses armed conflict and internal displacement in Uganda. Chapter 5 analyzes the international and national health policies. The main health policy is premised on the Primary Health Care (PHC) strategy. Reproductive health policies derive their scope from the deliberations of the ICPD conference in Cairo in 1994. The study indicates that there is a gap between policy and practice due to several constraints including bad politics, structural adjustment programmes, chronic poverty and HIV/AIDS pandemic. Chapter 6 examines the organizations and programmes dealing with reproductive health in Uganda. It notes how the Anglican and Catholic missionaries introduced western health care to Uganda, before the government played a crucial role to ensure a healthy population. Partnerships focusing on reproductive health including HIV/AIDS have been established between Ministry of Health, the UN and several NGOs. The study has established that despite the effort to implement reproductive health policies in rural areas the main reproductive health programmes still target maternal and child health.Chapter 7 explores the study area and the host environment. It examines the social, economic and political situation of Uganda. The geographical position of the country makes it susceptible to refugee influxes. A cursory look at the social and economic indicators compounded by the protracted war in northern Uganda helps one to conclude that Uganda is vulnerable and lacks the capacity to absorb large influxes of refugees. Chapter 8 and 9 enter the life world of women refugees in Rhino Camp and Kiryandongo. The chapter discusses the nature of the social relations and the gender arrangement patterns and how these are disrupted during refuge. The traditional pattern of male head appears to be disrupted by the UNHCR policy of distributing resources to refugees irrespective of gender. This included land. While ownership of land by women was empowering, it nevertheless created gender conflicts. It also acted as a catalyst to human reproduction seeing as the size of land to be allocated depended on the number of members in a household. We saw that humanitarian polices do not take into consideration the indigenous knowledge of the refugees. Pregnant refugee women are discouraged from using any form of 'traditional' medicine. Equally, pregnant women deliver majority of their babies with TBAs as opposed to the professionally trained midwives. The vulnerability of adolescent refugees girls raises concern. Several teenage girl refugees are exploited and some are sexually abused. The Implementing Partner lacks a gender policy and does not adequately respond to issues of vulnerability which result into exploitation and gender based violence and poor access to resources. The several case studies documented in these chapters show the vulnerability of refugee girls and women to male violence of a physical and sexual nature. They also indicate the lack of redress mechanism. The food insecurity in Kiryandongo leads to malnutrition and mortality among the under 5s. This was a result of poor soils; inefficient farming methods, and the fact the refugees sold their food crops to buy other necessities of life. The infant deaths then catapulted the need to replenish oneself. Chapter 10 is the conclusion. In this chapter I recap the theoretical reflections as well as the key findings and outline some implications of the study on gender relations, livelihood security and reproductive health of refugee women. I also identify measures that must be put in place in order to ensure gender sensitivity during the implementation of what are already gender-sensitive policies.
520 $a Deze studie is een actor- en genderanalyse van de sociale relaties, bestaanszekerheid en reproductieve gezondheid van Sudanese vluchtelingen in Uganda. Het is gebaseerd op veldwerk in twee vluchtelingenkampen, namelijk Rhino Camp in Arua District en Kiryandongo in Masindi District. Hoewel het een genderstudie betreft, ligt de nadruk op vrouwelijke vluchtelingen die de grootste problemen en uitdagingen op het gebiedvan reproductieve gezondheid ondergaan als vluchteling. In deze studie heb ikgeprobeerd uit te zoeken hoe vrouwen beginnend op een minder bevoorrechte positie, omgaan met de complexe machtsverhoudingen en de bestaande politieke, sociale, economische en genderrealiteiten. Naast de relaties binnen de huishouding heb ik onderzocht hoe vrouwen zich verhouden tot de verschillende actoren die humanitaire hulp verschaffen en hoe zij hun agency gebruiken om te antwoorden op ontwikkelingsinterventies en deze te duiden. De ontwikkelingsinspanning in de hulpprogramma's voor vluchtelingen in beide kampen vormde een geschikte invalshoek voor het onderzoek.Op basis van een actor- en genderbenadering heb ik het vluchtelingenbeleid en de programma's van de overheid en humanitaire organisaties onderzocht om vast te stellen hoe de huidige institutionele arrangementen een gender bias reproduceren in het proces van reintegratie. De actorbenadering gaat er van uit dat sociale actoren agency hebben, over hun ervaringen nadenken en hun kennis en bekwaamheden inzetten om aan bepaalde ontwikkelingen het hoofd te bieden. De nadruk op actoren is een bepaalde manier om diversiteit en ongelijkheid te onderkennen. Dit is gedaan door een zorgvuldige analyse te maken van de dagelijkse activiteiten en sociale interacties door de verschillende sociale actoren binnen hun eigen domein, zoals de huishouding, gezondheidscentra en ziekenhuizen, UNHCR, en in het contact met de ambtenaren van de lokale en centrale overheid en uitvoerende partners. Omdat sociale actoren en menselijke agency sociaal worden geconstrueerd, heb ik daarnaast het genderperspectief gekozen, omdat individuen nu eenmaal sociaal geconstrueerde identiteiten hebben.Deze identiteiten beinvloeden de positie en strategieen die de individuen volgen in de verschillende hierarchieen, waar zij onderdeel van uitmaken. Genderverhoudingen worden in een bepaalde sociaal culturele context meestal gevormd door toegeschreven posities van een individu naar gelang sekse, leeftijd en andere eigenschappen zoals onderwijs niveau. Het genderperspectief is toegepast bij elke bestudeerde gebeurtenis zoals menselijke interacties en ontmoetingen.Hoofdstuk 1 behandelt de vraagstelling, de rationale, de motivatie en de doelstellingen van de studie. Hoofdstuk 2 gaat over de theorien en concepten die in de analyse worden gebruikt. Het bekijkt de evolutie van de feministische beweging en bespreekt een actorgericht en gender- analytisch raamwerk. Het laatste onderdeel van dit hoofdstuk loopt de literatuur door ten aanzien van de concepten die in de studie worden gebruikt. Hoofdstuk 3 introduceert de onderzoeksvragen en de methodologische overwegingen. De grounded theory is gekozen als de algemene methodologische benadering. Gegevens zijn verzameld door middel van een survey onder de huishoudens en een analyse van de casestudies. De survey is gedaan om een algemeen begrip te krijgen van de sociaal-in economische omstandigheden van de vluchtelingen in de kampen. De diepergaande casestudies zijn gekozen om licht te werpen op de "verborgen stemmen" van kwetsbare vluchtelingen en hun coping mechanisms. In totaal zijn 13 casestudies gedocumenteerd en geanalyseerd.Hoofdstuk 4 beschrijft de geschiedenis en het management van vluchtelingen en ontheemden in Uganda. De discussie begint bij de migratie van voor de onafhankelijkheid en bij de vluchtelingen ten gevolge van de Tweede Wereldoorlogen en vervolgt met de hedendaagse vluchtelingen in Uganda en op welke wijze zij behandeld worden door de overheid en de UNHCR. Het laatste onderdeel van dit hoofdstuk gaat in op het gewapende conflict in Uganda en het verschijnsel van de interne ontheemden. Hoofdstuk 5 analyseert het internationale en nationale gezondheidsbeleid. Het voornaamste gezondheidsbeleid is gebaseerd op de primairegezondheidszorgstrategie. Reproductief gezondheidsbeleid is vooral afgeleid van de overwegingen op de ICPD conferentie in Cairo in 1994. De studie toont aan dat er een gat zit tussen beleid en toepassing ten gevolge van verschillende beperkingen met inbegrip van slecht bestuur, structurele aanpassingsprogramma's, chronische armoede en de HIV/AIDS pandemie. Hoofdstuk 6 onderzoekt de organisaties en programma's op het terrein van reproductieve gezondheidszorg in Uganda. Het hoofdstuk beschrijfthoe Amerikaanse en katholieke missionarissen westerse gezondheidszorg in Uganda introduceerden, lang voordat de overheid een cruciale rol ging spelen om een gezonde bevolking te waarborgen. Samenwerkingsverbanden op het terrein van reproductieve gezondheids zorg en HIVAIDS zijn opgezet tussen het Ministerie van Gezondheid, de Verenigde Naties en verschillende NGO's. De studie heeft vastgesteld dat ondanks pogingen reproductieve gezondheidszorg in de rurale gebieden uit te voeren, de voornaamste reproductieve gezondheidsprogramma's nog steeds gericht zijn opmoeder- en kindzorg.Hoofdstuk 7 verkent het gebied onder studie en de zogenoemde gastomgeving. Het gaat in op de sociale, economische en politieke situatie van Uganda. De geografische positie van het land maakt het vatbaar voor de toestroom van vluchtelingen. Een vluchtige blik op de sociale en economische indicatoren die ernstig verslechterd zijn door de langdurige oorlog in noord Uganda, maakt al snel duidelijk, hoe kwetsbaar Uganda is en dat het de capaciteit mist grote stromen vluchtelingen op te vangen. Inhoofdstuk 8 en 9 betreden we de lifeworld van de vrouwelijke vluchtelingen in Rhino Camp en Kiryandongo. Het hoofdstuk bespreekt de aard van de sociale relaties en genderpatronen en beschrijft hoe deze ontwricht raken tijdens de vlucht. Het traditionele patroon van mannelijk leiderschap schijnt te worden verstoord door het beleid van de UNHCR om hulpbronnen te verdelen onder vluchtelinge ongeacht hun gender, met inbegrip van land. Hoewel landbezit van vrouwen empowering is, heeft het desondanks genderconflicten veroorzaakt. Het heeft ook de menselijke voortplanting gestimuleerd, omdat men zag dat de grootte van het stuk land dat werd toegewezen afhing van hetaantal gezinsleden. We zagen ook dat men bij de uitvoering van het humanitaire beleid de inheemse kennis van de vluchtelingen niet in beschouwing nam. Zwangere vluchtelingen- vrouwen worden bijvoorbeeld ontmoedigd om enigerlei vorm van traditionele medicijnen te gebruiken. Op een zelfde wijze bevallen zwangere vrouwen meerderheid met behulp van traditionele birth attendants in tegenstelling tot professioneel getrainde vroedvrouwen. De kwetsbaarheid van tienermeisjes in de kampen baart veelzorgen. Verschillende vluchtelingen teenagers worden geexploiteerd en een aantal seksueel misbruikt. De uitvoerende organisatie ontbeert een duidelijk genderbeleid en weet niet op de juiste wijze te reageren op deze kwestie van kwetsbaarheid, hetgeen weer resulteert in uitbuiting en gender-based violence alsmede een slechte toegang tot hulpbronnen. De verscheidene case studies beschreven in deze hoofdstukken tonen de kwetsbaarheid van vluchtelingen meisjes en vrouwen aan voor fysiek en seksueel geweld door mannen. Ze tonen ook aan dat er bijna geen manieren zijn om hier tegen in te gaan. De bestaande voedselonzekerheid in Kiryandongo leidt bovendien tot ondervoeding en sterfte onder kinderen beneden 5 jaar. Dit is een gevolg van arme bodems, inefficiente landbouwmethoden en het feit dat vluchtelingen hun voedselgewassen weer verkochten om in andere levensbehoefte te voorzien. De kindersterfte leidde op zijn beurt weer tot een behoefte aan gezinsuitbreiding. In hoofdstuk 10 presenteer ik de conclusies. In dit hoofdstuk vat ik de theoretische beschouwing en de belangrijkste bevindingen samen en schets ik de implicaties van de studie ten aanzien van de genderverhoudingen, bestaanszekerheid en reproductieve gezondheid van vluchtelingen vrouwen. Ik identificeer ook de maatregelen die moeten worden getroffen om voldoende gendersensitiviteit waar te borgen bij de uitvoeringvan het genderbeleid.
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