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Widespread Urban Greening and the Effects on Ecohydrologic and Hydrometeorologic Processes in Cities /

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Widespread Urban Greening and the Effects on Ecohydrologic and Hydrometeorologic Processes in Cities // G. Aaron Alexander.
作者:	Alexander, G. Aaron,
面頁冊數:	1 electronic resource (210 pages)
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International86-12B.
標題:	Atmospheric sciences. -
電子資源:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=32113687
ISBN:	9798280750487

Widespread Urban Greening and the Effects on Ecohydrologic and Hydrometeorologic Processes in Cities /
Alexander, G. Aaron,

Widespread Urban Greening and the Effects on Ecohydrologic and Hydrometeorologic Processes in Cities /G. Aaron Alexander. - 1 electronic resource (210 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.

Urban areas are 'ground-zero' for many of the climate hazards, like flooding and heat, that society faces today due to fundamental changes to hydrologic and energetic processes compared to more natural ecosystems. In response, cities globally are reducing flooding risks by integrating greening strategies (e.g., nature-based solutions, green infrastructure, low impact developments, etc.) at large (e.g. city) scale, like downspout disconnection of impervious surfaces to pervious ones, installation of permeable pavements and green roofs, and expansion of urban tree canopies. Questions remain, however, on how effective urban greening strategies are past the locals of implementation, and how implementations intended for reducing flood risk can cause changes in hazards like heat. For example, does adding single trees along a street make a difference in city scale temperatures? How many single-family homes applying downspout disconnection are needed to change regional water cycles to reduce runoff? The interconnections between the local and the city scale, in both hydrology and heat impacts, are not well understood. Further, changes in urban hydrology induced by green strategies cascade into feedbacks with the atmosphere that potentially have effects like reducing rainfall or worsening the heat impacts on humans due to higher surface humidity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve our scientific understanding of the interconnections between urban greening strategies, urban heat, and other atmospheric processes as greening plans become more common.In this dissertation, I develop a physically-based land-surface model, Noah-MP for Heterogenous Urban Environments (HUE) to investigate the interconnections between urban hydrology and atmospheric processes like urban heat islands and rainfall. The development of Noah-MP HUE includes 1) a mosaicking scheme to represent sub-grid heterogeneity, and 2) newlandcovers that facilitate the transfer of water, and therefore energy, in urban regions like transferring water from impervious surfaces to turfgrasses or trees that overhang pavements. These hydrologic interactions are critical to greening strategies, and are contemporary models used to analyze urban regions in urban areas to date. In Chapter 2, I outline the development and implications that these seemingly small lateral transfers of water have on runoff generation and partitioning of hydrologic fluxes at seasonal scales, as well as urban energy partitioning. In Chapter 3, I integrate Noah-MP HUE into the Weather Research and Forecasting model and simulate Milwaukee, Wisconsin to explore how urban hydrology impacts surface hydrology and meteorology. To facilitate this exploration, I compare my new land surface model variant against a traditional urban representation and against a scheme that only represent sub-grid heterogeneity. Results are also compared against a relatively dense network of observations. In Chapter 4, I use Noah-MP HUE paired with WRF to investigate atmospheric processes related to convective rainfall in Milwaukee, WI to illuminate influences on urban rainfall intensification. This chapter features similar simulations to Chapter 3, with comparisons to a dense rain-gage network and aircraft-based profiles of atmospheric states throughout the summertime. Finally, in Chapter 5, I translate Milwaukee's real-world urban greening strategic plan into a set of nine simulations to co- investigate the impacts of urban greening strategies on flood risk and extreme heat over the summer months of 2022.This dissertation demonstrates that urban greening processes and strategies can be captured in land surface models. I find that greening strategies cause runoff reduction, which are preferentially partitioned into fluxes including deep drainage and evapotranspiration depending on the type of greening strategy applied. I also find that both surface meteorology and rainfall mechanisms in the near surface of the atmosphere are closer to reality, indicating that fine-scale urban hydrology does play a role in atmospheric processes. Specifically, urban air temperatures and humidities are closer to those measured and reduce bias when accounting for fine-scale urban hydrology due to extra evapotranspiration throughout the day. Rainfall and movement of near surface water vapor during these rainstorms were also higher when fine-scale urban hydrology was accounted for, indicating that small scale features do feedback to atmospheric processes during rainstorms. Further, I find that on seasonal time scales, rainfall could potentially be reduced by the application of large amounts of greening at city scale, indicating a potential unexamined avenue for increasing urban resilience. Extreme heat is also reduced when greening strategies are applied, demonstrating that there are clear connections between urban management and atmospheric outcomes. Overall, this research offers both a new tool to investigate and insights into how urban areas connect with their larger environments, and how the affected processes can feedback into one another.

English

ISBN: 9798280750487Subjects--Topical Terms:

3168354
Atmospheric sciences.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Green infrastructure

Widespread Urban Greening and the Effects on Ecohydrologic and Hydrometeorologic Processes in Cities /
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520 $a Urban areas are 'ground-zero' for many of the climate hazards, like flooding and heat, that society faces today due to fundamental changes to hydrologic and energetic processes compared to more natural ecosystems. In response, cities globally are reducing flooding risks by integrating greening strategies (e.g., nature-based solutions, green infrastructure, low impact developments, etc.) at large (e.g. city) scale, like downspout disconnection of impervious surfaces to pervious ones, installation of permeable pavements and green roofs, and expansion of urban tree canopies. Questions remain, however, on how effective urban greening strategies are past the locals of implementation, and how implementations intended for reducing flood risk can cause changes in hazards like heat. For example, does adding single trees along a street make a difference in city scale temperatures? How many single-family homes applying downspout disconnection are needed to change regional water cycles to reduce runoff? The interconnections between the local and the city scale, in both hydrology and heat impacts, are not well understood. Further, changes in urban hydrology induced by green strategies cascade into feedbacks with the atmosphere that potentially have effects like reducing rainfall or worsening the heat impacts on humans due to higher surface humidity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve our scientific understanding of the interconnections between urban greening strategies, urban heat, and other atmospheric processes as greening plans become more common.In this dissertation, I develop a physically-based land-surface model, Noah-MP for Heterogenous Urban Environments (HUE) to investigate the interconnections between urban hydrology and atmospheric processes like urban heat islands and rainfall. The development of Noah-MP HUE includes 1) a mosaicking scheme to represent sub-grid heterogeneity, and 2) newlandcovers that facilitate the transfer of water, and therefore energy, in urban regions like transferring water from impervious surfaces to turfgrasses or trees that overhang pavements. These hydrologic interactions are critical to greening strategies, and are contemporary models used to analyze urban regions in urban areas to date. In Chapter 2, I outline the development and implications that these seemingly small lateral transfers of water have on runoff generation and partitioning of hydrologic fluxes at seasonal scales, as well as urban energy partitioning. In Chapter 3, I integrate Noah-MP HUE into the Weather Research and Forecasting model and simulate Milwaukee, Wisconsin to explore how urban hydrology impacts surface hydrology and meteorology. To facilitate this exploration, I compare my new land surface model variant against a traditional urban representation and against a scheme that only represent sub-grid heterogeneity. Results are also compared against a relatively dense network of observations. In Chapter 4, I use Noah-MP HUE paired with WRF to investigate atmospheric processes related to convective rainfall in Milwaukee, WI to illuminate influences on urban rainfall intensification. This chapter features similar simulations to Chapter 3, with comparisons to a dense rain-gage network and aircraft-based profiles of atmospheric states throughout the summertime. Finally, in Chapter 5, I translate Milwaukee's real-world urban greening strategic plan into a set of nine simulations to co- investigate the impacts of urban greening strategies on flood risk and extreme heat over the summer months of 2022.This dissertation demonstrates that urban greening processes and strategies can be captured in land surface models. I find that greening strategies cause runoff reduction, which are preferentially partitioned into fluxes including deep drainage and evapotranspiration depending on the type of greening strategy applied. I also find that both surface meteorology and rainfall mechanisms in the near surface of the atmosphere are closer to reality, indicating that fine-scale urban hydrology does play a role in atmospheric processes. Specifically, urban air temperatures and humidities are closer to those measured and reduce bias when accounting for fine-scale urban hydrology due to extra evapotranspiration throughout the day. Rainfall and movement of near surface water vapor during these rainstorms were also higher when fine-scale urban hydrology was accounted for, indicating that small scale features do feedback to atmospheric processes during rainstorms. Further, I find that on seasonal time scales, rainfall could potentially be reduced by the application of large amounts of greening at city scale, indicating a potential unexamined avenue for increasing urban resilience. Extreme heat is also reduced when greening strategies are applied, demonstrating that there are clear connections between urban management and atmospheric outcomes. Overall, this research offers both a new tool to investigate and insights into how urban areas connect with their larger environments, and how the affected processes can feedback into one another.
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650 4 $a Atmospheric sciences. $3 3168354
650 4 $a Hydrologic sciences. $3 3168407
650 4 $a Environmental engineering. $3 548583
653 $a Green infrastructure
653 $a Hydrometeorology
653 $a Surface meteorology
653 $a Urban climate
653 $a Urban hydrology
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690 $a 0725
690 $a 0388
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710 2 $a The University of Wisconsin - Madison. $b Civil & Environmental Engr. $e degree granting institution. $3 3824654
720 1 $a Wright, Daniel B. $e degree supervisor.
720 1 $a Loheide, Steven P., II $e degree supervisor.
773 0 $t Dissertations Abstracts International $g 86-12B.
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791 $a Ph.D.
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