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Exploring the Role of Charging Infrastructure and Financial Incentives in Achieving Widespread Adoption of Electric Vehicles in California /

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Exploring the Role of Charging Infrastructure and Financial Incentives in Achieving Widespread Adoption of Electric Vehicles in California // Kelly Hoogland.
Author:	Hoogland, Kelly,
Description:	1 electronic resource (100 pages)
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-11, Section: A.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International86-11A.
Subject:	Environmental studies. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=31847821
ISBN:	9798314858400

Exploring the Role of Charging Infrastructure and Financial Incentives in Achieving Widespread Adoption of Electric Vehicles in California /
Hoogland, Kelly,

Exploring the Role of Charging Infrastructure and Financial Incentives in Achieving Widespread Adoption of Electric Vehicles in California /Kelly Hoogland. - 1 electronic resource (100 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-11, Section: A.

For California and other regions to achieve their PEV sales and emissions targets, it is critical to understand the barriers and enablers underscoring consumers' consideration to adopt a PEV. Prior research has established lack of access to charging and high purchase price as being predominant barriers to PEV adoption (Hardman et al., 2025; Rezvani et al., 2015). This dissertation contributes to the body of research exploring the role of financial incentives and availability of charging infrastructure in enabling PEV adoption, and identifies policy-focused recommendations and implications.Chapter 2 investigates the assumed causal relationship between public PEV charging infrastructure and PEV sales, by testing the implicit assumption that people-including those not interested in PEVs-see public PEV charging. Data from a survey of car-owning households in California are combined with data on public PEV charging and PEV registrations at the zip code level to estimate a structural equation model to test the direct and indirect effects of public charging density on whether respondents see charging infrastructure and whether they have considered purchasing a PEV. We also explore the direct and indirect effects of seeing public charging on PEV purchase consideration. Results show the density of public charging is neither directly nor indirectly related to whether people see public charging or their level of PEV purchase consideration. Rather, independent of public charging density, respondents who were more likely to report seeing charging locations and have higher purchase consideration were those with a prior interest in PEVs, measured by their knowledge, awareness, and engagement with PEVs to date. We also find seeing more public charging is associated with having better assessments of PEVs "mass marketability" and there being enough places to charge, which in turn is associated with greater PEV purchase consideration. The results suggest that engaging many more people with PEVs-through promotion, education, and outreach-is a prerequisite for investments in public charging to have their intended effect on PEV sales.Chapter 3 investigates PEV owners' retrospective evaluation of their adoption decisions in the hypothetical absence of the federal tax credit, differentiating between purchasers and lessees. The findings indicate that many PEV adopters would not choose a PEV without the tax credit, with more PEV lessees reporting they would not adopt a PEV without the incentive. We find through logistic regression models that as the value of the federal tax credit increases, the more likely it is that if that tax credit were unavailable, PEV purchasers and lessees would choose a conventional vehicle or forego getting a new vehicle. The models' findings are relevant due to recent changes to the U.S. federal tax credit, which results in less than 1/3 of PEVs being eligible for a credit if purchased, whereas all PEVs are eligible if leased. This feature allows any PEV lessee to receive a full credit which could encourage more consumers to trial PEV technology, and also potentially increase the supply of used PEVs. The models also reveal multiple segments of lessees and purchasers less reliant on the federal tax credit, including home owners, and buyers of more expensive PEVs. MSRP price caps could help ensure that incentives are being given to those most dependent on them.Chapter 4 investigates the effectiveness of existing policies aimed at increasing BEV penetration for priority populations in California. Using a full factorial vignette survey experiment, beta regression models are specified to quantify the extent to which information related to financial incentives, charging infrastructure, and battery assurance measures increase likelihood to consider purchasing a BEV among priority populations. We find that large financial incentives, like the Clean Cars 4 All incentive, increases likelihood of considering a BEV by approximately 5%. Regarding charging infrastructure, there is no statistically significant effect of public fast charging on BEV consideration compared to public Level 2 charging. Alternatively, access to charging at home, work or school do increase BEV consideration. Battery assurance measures, including battery rebates and warranties, do not have any statistically significant effects on purchase consideration. While the model reveals significant effects of policy interventions, on their own these explain little of the variation in BEV purchase consideration. Rather we find BEV consideration is better explained by income, being a new car buyer, positive assessments of BEV attributes, including home charge access, battery quality, charging access, and range.This dissertation provides insights based on rigorous, evidence-based quantitative analysis into consumer motivation to adopt a PEV, particularly the roles of charging infrastructure and financial incentives. Chapter 2 challenges the assumption that the presence of public charging infrastructure drives PEV sales, suggesting that engaging people with PEVs may be a necessary prerequisite to make ongoing PEV charging infrastructure investments visible and impactful. The findings also imply that access to home charging facilitates positive assessments of PEVs and greater purchase consideration. Chapter 3 highlights the critical role of the federal tax credit, particularly for lessees, and how recent changes to the Inflation Reduction Act may shape future adoption patterns and the used PEV market. Chapter 4 evaluates the effectiveness of policies targeting priority populations, revealing that while large financial incentives and home charge access can modestly increase BEV consideration, other factors, in particular peoples' assessments of BEVs, play a larger role in explaining variation in purchase consideration.Collectively, these findings underscore the need for a multifaceted approach to reaching mass adoption of PEVs. Policy support is needed to expand home charging access to more household types, and targeted outreach for households less engaged with the PEV transition, particularly amongst priority populations, lower-income households, and used car buyers. To expand the PEV transition to more households it is also critical that there is a robust supply of used PEVs, the accessibility of which could be enhanced through policies which incentivize the leasing of new PEVs. To date, the scale of efforts to promote broad consumer engagement with PEVs have been inadequate to shift most consumers out of a state of ignorance, apathy, or opposition to PEVs. While public charging infrastructure and financial incentives are necessary to facilitate market growth, their presence is not sufficient if consumers are not aware of them, ambivalent about, or resistant to taking action to adopt a PEV. Although the analysis here is based on California data, the findings may be relevant to other states and countries looking to advance PEV adoption.

English

ISBN: 9798314858400Subjects--Topical Terms:

2122803
Environmental studies.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Financial incentives

Exploring the Role of Charging Infrastructure and Financial Incentives in Achieving Widespread Adoption of Electric Vehicles in California /
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520 $a For California and other regions to achieve their PEV sales and emissions targets, it is critical to understand the barriers and enablers underscoring consumers' consideration to adopt a PEV. Prior research has established lack of access to charging and high purchase price as being predominant barriers to PEV adoption (Hardman et al., 2025; Rezvani et al., 2015). This dissertation contributes to the body of research exploring the role of financial incentives and availability of charging infrastructure in enabling PEV adoption, and identifies policy-focused recommendations and implications.Chapter 2 investigates the assumed causal relationship between public PEV charging infrastructure and PEV sales, by testing the implicit assumption that people-including those not interested in PEVs-see public PEV charging. Data from a survey of car-owning households in California are combined with data on public PEV charging and PEV registrations at the zip code level to estimate a structural equation model to test the direct and indirect effects of public charging density on whether respondents see charging infrastructure and whether they have considered purchasing a PEV. We also explore the direct and indirect effects of seeing public charging on PEV purchase consideration. Results show the density of public charging is neither directly nor indirectly related to whether people see public charging or their level of PEV purchase consideration. Rather, independent of public charging density, respondents who were more likely to report seeing charging locations and have higher purchase consideration were those with a prior interest in PEVs, measured by their knowledge, awareness, and engagement with PEVs to date. We also find seeing more public charging is associated with having better assessments of PEVs "mass marketability" and there being enough places to charge, which in turn is associated with greater PEV purchase consideration. The results suggest that engaging many more people with PEVs-through promotion, education, and outreach-is a prerequisite for investments in public charging to have their intended effect on PEV sales.Chapter 3 investigates PEV owners' retrospective evaluation of their adoption decisions in the hypothetical absence of the federal tax credit, differentiating between purchasers and lessees. The findings indicate that many PEV adopters would not choose a PEV without the tax credit, with more PEV lessees reporting they would not adopt a PEV without the incentive. We find through logistic regression models that as the value of the federal tax credit increases, the more likely it is that if that tax credit were unavailable, PEV purchasers and lessees would choose a conventional vehicle or forego getting a new vehicle. The models' findings are relevant due to recent changes to the U.S. federal tax credit, which results in less than 1/3 of PEVs being eligible for a credit if purchased, whereas all PEVs are eligible if leased. This feature allows any PEV lessee to receive a full credit which could encourage more consumers to trial PEV technology, and also potentially increase the supply of used PEVs. The models also reveal multiple segments of lessees and purchasers less reliant on the federal tax credit, including home owners, and buyers of more expensive PEVs. MSRP price caps could help ensure that incentives are being given to those most dependent on them.Chapter 4 investigates the effectiveness of existing policies aimed at increasing BEV penetration for priority populations in California. Using a full factorial vignette survey experiment, beta regression models are specified to quantify the extent to which information related to financial incentives, charging infrastructure, and battery assurance measures increase likelihood to consider purchasing a BEV among priority populations. We find that large financial incentives, like the Clean Cars 4 All incentive, increases likelihood of considering a BEV by approximately 5%. Regarding charging infrastructure, there is no statistically significant effect of public fast charging on BEV consideration compared to public Level 2 charging. Alternatively, access to charging at home, work or school do increase BEV consideration. Battery assurance measures, including battery rebates and warranties, do not have any statistically significant effects on purchase consideration. While the model reveals significant effects of policy interventions, on their own these explain little of the variation in BEV purchase consideration. Rather we find BEV consideration is better explained by income, being a new car buyer, positive assessments of BEV attributes, including home charge access, battery quality, charging access, and range.This dissertation provides insights based on rigorous, evidence-based quantitative analysis into consumer motivation to adopt a PEV, particularly the roles of charging infrastructure and financial incentives. Chapter 2 challenges the assumption that the presence of public charging infrastructure drives PEV sales, suggesting that engaging people with PEVs may be a necessary prerequisite to make ongoing PEV charging infrastructure investments visible and impactful. The findings also imply that access to home charging facilitates positive assessments of PEVs and greater purchase consideration. Chapter 3 highlights the critical role of the federal tax credit, particularly for lessees, and how recent changes to the Inflation Reduction Act may shape future adoption patterns and the used PEV market. Chapter 4 evaluates the effectiveness of policies targeting priority populations, revealing that while large financial incentives and home charge access can modestly increase BEV consideration, other factors, in particular peoples' assessments of BEVs, play a larger role in explaining variation in purchase consideration.Collectively, these findings underscore the need for a multifaceted approach to reaching mass adoption of PEVs. Policy support is needed to expand home charging access to more household types, and targeted outreach for households less engaged with the PEV transition, particularly amongst priority populations, lower-income households, and used car buyers. To expand the PEV transition to more households it is also critical that there is a robust supply of used PEVs, the accessibility of which could be enhanced through policies which incentivize the leasing of new PEVs. To date, the scale of efforts to promote broad consumer engagement with PEVs have been inadequate to shift most consumers out of a state of ignorance, apathy, or opposition to PEVs. While public charging infrastructure and financial incentives are necessary to facilitate market growth, their presence is not sufficient if consumers are not aware of them, ambivalent about, or resistant to taking action to adopt a PEV. Although the analysis here is based on California data, the findings may be relevant to other states and countries looking to advance PEV adoption.
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