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From Opium to Oranges: Intergenerational Livelihood Change in a Hmong Village in Northern Thailand /

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	From Opium to Oranges: Intergenerational Livelihood Change in a Hmong Village in Northern Thailand // Jennifer Catherine Langill.
Author:	Langill, Jennifer Catherine,
Description:	1 electronic resource (482 pages)
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-08, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International86-08B.
Subject:	Southeast Asian studies. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=31836697
ISBN:	9798304951548

From Opium to Oranges: Intergenerational Livelihood Change in a Hmong Village in Northern Thailand /
Langill, Jennifer Catherine,

From Opium to Oranges: Intergenerational Livelihood Change in a Hmong Village in Northern Thailand /Jennifer Catherine Langill. - 1 electronic resource (482 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-08, Section: B.

Rural livelihoods have changed drastically across Thailand over the past century, and upland ethnic minority populations in the northern highlands have experienced sweeping agrarian transitions and market integration. From the 1950s, antagonisms between the Thai state and upland minorities grew in the context of ideological tensions, regional wars, and government doubts over ethnic minority loyalty to the Kingdom of Thailand. The Thai government and media constructed upland minority groups as 'non-Thai immigrants' and 'hill tribes', fabricating a 'hill tribe problem' discourse in the 1960s-1970s. These ethnic minority populations were accused of causing environmental degradation through swidden agriculture and became targets of a series of modernist development projects and government interventions. The Hmong ethnic group has been central to this history, villainized for their 'disloyalty' to 'Thai-land', history of opium production, and specific swidden agricultural practices.Within this context, my research aim is to investigate how fundamental shifts in agrarian, economic, political, and environmental contexts over three decades have impacted the livelihoods and lifeworlds of individuals and households in a rural highland Hmong village in northern Thailand. I locate my study within the context of Ban Suay (pseudonym), a Hmong village of approximately 100 households in Chiang Mai Province. Established at its current location in the 1970s, Ban Suay was subsequently designated to be within a government 'protected area'.Conceptually, I develop a critical feminist development framework that draws on foundations from feminist political ecology, critical livelihoods scholarship, and feminist geographies. In particular, I build on feminist political ecology debates surrounding territorialization, environmental narratives and 'expertise', and embodied emotions. From livelihood studies, I mobilize critical and feminist approaches to understanding livelihood access, activities, and assets and their sociocultural embeddedness. I approach these two fields of literature with specific attention to time and temporalities, scale, relationality, and social difference.My discussions are based on nine months of ethnographic fieldwork in Ban Suay during 2019-2023. My data collection methods included participant observation and ethnographic interviewing, a representative household survey, oral histories, and photovoice. In addition to primary data, I draw longitudinal comparisons based on an economic anthropology dissertation undertaken in the same village three decades prior, offering insights akin to a 're-study'.I present my mixed-method analyses in five results chapters, each documenting important changes and continuities for the livelihoods and lifeworlds for the Ban Suay population. I analyze the negotiations between Thai nationality and ethnic Hmong identity in the first empirical chapter, as well as the deeply embedded sociocultural traditions that remain unwavering. Present-day concerns in Ban Suay that I identify in this chapter include village leadership, divergent belief systems, and intergenerational knowledge transfer. In the second results chapter, I examine intrahousehold dynamics, with particular attention to gender norms and relations and gendered hierarchies in Hmong society. Prefacing women's voices, I detail the subordination and violence that women in Ban Suay experience, as well as women's agency and resistance. Advancing the concept of 'householding', I analyze the social, relational, and temporal processes of household formation and reproduction. I focus on agrarian change in the third results chapter, and how the transition from cultivating opium to cultivating oranges was a nonlinear process within the village, and was embedded in larger questions of land use and land use governance. In addition to opium and orange tree cultivation as primary income-generating activities, I also analyze sharp declines in animal husbandry and subsistence crop production, and shifting engagement with tourism to the village. I examine present-day livelihoods in Ban Suay in the fourth findings chapter, outlining economic and more-than-economic dimensions of livelihood portfolios. I highlight the profound economic changes that have occurred over three decades, as well as the essential assets for undertaking orange tree cultivation. Finally, my last empirical chapter focuses on environmental change, including the growing presence of environmental hazards and the embodied human environment connections that are integral to understanding intergenerational change. I emphasize water insecurity and government control of the 'protected area' as two pressing vulnerabilities challenging Ban Suay livelihoods present-day, and the financial and corporeal implications of synthetic agrochemical usage. These five themes of change are then woven together through a summative discussion to demonstrate what a critical feminist analysis of 'development' offers. I unravel the complexity, interconnections, and social unevenness of three decades of change. With close attention to social difference, temporality, and embodied emotions, I argue that livelihoods and sociocultural life worlds cannot be understood in isolation from each other. In sum, this dissertation focuses on how the interacting forces of political, sociocultural, agrarian, economic, and environmental change are reshaping lives and livelihoods for Hmong individuals and households.

English

ISBN: 9798304951548Subjects--Topical Terms:

3344898
Southeast Asian studies.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Thailand

From Opium to Oranges: Intergenerational Livelihood Change in a Hmong Village in Northern Thailand /
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520 $a Rural livelihoods have changed drastically across Thailand over the past century, and upland ethnic minority populations in the northern highlands have experienced sweeping agrarian transitions and market integration. From the 1950s, antagonisms between the Thai state and upland minorities grew in the context of ideological tensions, regional wars, and government doubts over ethnic minority loyalty to the Kingdom of Thailand. The Thai government and media constructed upland minority groups as 'non-Thai immigrants' and 'hill tribes', fabricating a 'hill tribe problem' discourse in the 1960s-1970s. These ethnic minority populations were accused of causing environmental degradation through swidden agriculture and became targets of a series of modernist development projects and government interventions. The Hmong ethnic group has been central to this history, villainized for their 'disloyalty' to 'Thai-land', history of opium production, and specific swidden agricultural practices.Within this context, my research aim is to investigate how fundamental shifts in agrarian, economic, political, and environmental contexts over three decades have impacted the livelihoods and lifeworlds of individuals and households in a rural highland Hmong village in northern Thailand. I locate my study within the context of Ban Suay (pseudonym), a Hmong village of approximately 100 households in Chiang Mai Province. Established at its current location in the 1970s, Ban Suay was subsequently designated to be within a government 'protected area'.Conceptually, I develop a critical feminist development framework that draws on foundations from feminist political ecology, critical livelihoods scholarship, and feminist geographies. In particular, I build on feminist political ecology debates surrounding territorialization, environmental narratives and 'expertise', and embodied emotions. From livelihood studies, I mobilize critical and feminist approaches to understanding livelihood access, activities, and assets and their sociocultural embeddedness. I approach these two fields of literature with specific attention to time and temporalities, scale, relationality, and social difference.My discussions are based on nine months of ethnographic fieldwork in Ban Suay during 2019-2023. My data collection methods included participant observation and ethnographic interviewing, a representative household survey, oral histories, and photovoice. In addition to primary data, I draw longitudinal comparisons based on an economic anthropology dissertation undertaken in the same village three decades prior, offering insights akin to a 're-study'.I present my mixed-method analyses in five results chapters, each documenting important changes and continuities for the livelihoods and lifeworlds for the Ban Suay population. I analyze the negotiations between Thai nationality and ethnic Hmong identity in the first empirical chapter, as well as the deeply embedded sociocultural traditions that remain unwavering. Present-day concerns in Ban Suay that I identify in this chapter include village leadership, divergent belief systems, and intergenerational knowledge transfer. In the second results chapter, I examine intrahousehold dynamics, with particular attention to gender norms and relations and gendered hierarchies in Hmong society. Prefacing women's voices, I detail the subordination and violence that women in Ban Suay experience, as well as women's agency and resistance. Advancing the concept of 'householding', I analyze the social, relational, and temporal processes of household formation and reproduction. I focus on agrarian change in the third results chapter, and how the transition from cultivating opium to cultivating oranges was a nonlinear process within the village, and was embedded in larger questions of land use and land use governance. In addition to opium and orange tree cultivation as primary income-generating activities, I also analyze sharp declines in animal husbandry and subsistence crop production, and shifting engagement with tourism to the village. I examine present-day livelihoods in Ban Suay in the fourth findings chapter, outlining economic and more-than-economic dimensions of livelihood portfolios. I highlight the profound economic changes that have occurred over three decades, as well as the essential assets for undertaking orange tree cultivation. Finally, my last empirical chapter focuses on environmental change, including the growing presence of environmental hazards and the embodied human environment connections that are integral to understanding intergenerational change. I emphasize water insecurity and government control of the 'protected area' as two pressing vulnerabilities challenging Ban Suay livelihoods present-day, and the financial and corporeal implications of synthetic agrochemical usage. These five themes of change are then woven together through a summative discussion to demonstrate what a critical feminist analysis of 'development' offers. I unravel the complexity, interconnections, and social unevenness of three decades of change. With close attention to social difference, temporality, and embodied emotions, I argue that livelihoods and sociocultural life worlds cannot be understood in isolation from each other. In sum, this dissertation focuses on how the interacting forces of political, sociocultural, agrarian, economic, and environmental change are reshaping lives and livelihoods for Hmong individuals and households.
520 $a Les moyens de subsistance ruraux ont radicalement evolue en Thailande au cours du siecle dernier, et les populations minoritaires ethniques des hauts plateaux du nord du pays ont notamment conjugue avec des transitions agraires et une importante integration a l'economie de marche. A partir des annees 1950, les antagonismes entre l'Etat thailandais et les minorites des hauts plateaux se sont accrus dans un contexte mine par des tensions ideologiques, des guerres regionales et les doutes du gouvernement quant a la loyaute des minorites ethniques envers l'Etat thailandais. Les discours du gouvernement thailandais et les medias presentent les groupes minoritaires des hauts plateaux comme des « immigrants non thailandais » et des « tribus montagnardes », alimentant un soi-disant « probleme des tribus montagnardes » dans les annees 1960 et 1970. Les minorites ethniques et leurs pratiques agricoles ancestrales, incluant l'agriculture itinerante sur brulis, ont ete accusees d'etre a l'origine de la degradation de l'environnement et sont devenues la cible d'une serie de projets de developpement modernistes et d'interventions gouvernementales. Les Hmongs et leurs pratiques agricoles ancestrales qui allient l'agriculture itinerante sur brulis et culture de l'opium ont ete specifiquement vilipendes pour leur « manque de loyaute » envers la 'patrie des Thais'.Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ma recherche est d'etudier comment des changements fondamentaux dans les systemes agraire, economique, politique et dans l'environnement ont influence, depuis trois decennies, les moyens de subsistance et les mondes de vie des individus et des menages dans un village Hmong des hauts plateaux du nord de la Thailande. J'ai mene cette etude dans le village de Ban Suay (pseudonyme), situe dans la province de Chiang Mai, ou vivent environ 100 menages Hmong (Moob Njua). Etabli a son emplacement actuel dans les annees 1970, Ban Suay a depuis lors ete integre dans une « zone protegee » par le gouvernement.J'elabore un cadre theorique qui combine des corpus critiques et feministes qui conceptualisent le developpement. J'aborde notamment l'ecologie politique feministe, les etudes critiques sur les moyens de subsistance et les geographies feministes. Plus precisement, je mobilise la notion de la territorialisation, les recits et « expertises » environnementales ainsi que les emotions qui y sont liees en me referant a l'ecologie politique feministe. J'ai recours a des approches critiques et feministes issues des recherches sur les moyens de subsistance pour analyser les activites et les actifs sur lesquels reposent les moyens de subsistance locaux, ainsi que leurs ancrages socioculturels. J'aborde ces champs en portant une attention particuliere aux echelles spatio-temporelles, a la relationnalite et a la difference sociale.Mes resultats emanent d'une recherche de terrain ethnographique d'une duree totale de neuf mois, menee a Ban Suay entre 2019 a 2023. Mes methodes de collecte de donnees comprenaient l'observation participative, les entretiens ethnographiques, un sondage, la collecte d'histoires orales et la methode photovoice. En plus des donnees primaires, j'etablis des comparaisons longitudinales en me referant a une recherche menee dans le meme village il y a 30 ans. Les cinq chapitres empiriques de la these documentent les changements et continuites qui caracterisent les moyens de subsistance et modes de vie de la population de Ban Suay.
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653 $a Hmong village
653 $a Ethnic minority
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653 $a Environmental change
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