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Additives Impact on Wet Strength and...

Ntifafa, Yao Parnell.

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Additives Impact on Wet Strength and Size Development in Papermaking- Polyamide Epichlorohydrin (PAE), Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) and Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Cases.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Additives Impact on Wet Strength and Size Development in Papermaking- Polyamide Epichlorohydrin (PAE), Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) and Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Cases./
Author:	Ntifafa, Yao Parnell.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2024,
Description:	218 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International85-12B.
Subject:	Engineering. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=31295068
ISBN:	9798382810676

Additives Impact on Wet Strength and Size Development in Papermaking- Polyamide Epichlorohydrin (PAE), Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) and Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Cases.
Ntifafa, Yao Parnell.

Additives Impact on Wet Strength and Size Development in Papermaking- Polyamide Epichlorohydrin (PAE), Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) and Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Cases. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024 - 218 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of North Dakota, 2024.

Additives are ingredients used in papermaking to enhance fiber properties, introduce special properties to the paper and improve the efficiency of the paper making process. Wet strength agents, sizing agents, dry strength agents, fillers, retention aids, defoamers, dyes and pigments are common additives used in paper mills. Poor retention of wet strength additive such as PAAE (polyamide epichlorohydrin) and hydrophobicity loss due to ASA (alkenyl succinic anhydride) and AKD (alkyl ketene dimer) size reversion not only increase cost and reduce product quality in the mill but also increase customer complaints and rejections.In this study, a method was developed to quantify and study the parameters that govern PAAE retention in paperboard. PAAE applications, performance, and recyclability were also investigated. In addition, ASA bonding mechanism to the fiber was investigated, and experiments were performed under different environmental conditions to determine the environmental parameters that initiate or catalyze ASA and AKD size reversion.The results of these studies indicated that PAAE can be quantified after hydrolysis and derivatization to diethyl adipate. PAAE retention increases as the pulp freeness decreases. Instead of freeness, fiber surface charge can be used to predict PAAE retention. The results also indicated that high presence of lignin in the sheet provides wet strength and low PAAE retention due to low availability of carboxylic groups on the fiber. On the contrary, when the lignin is removed, the retained amount of cationic PAAE increases due to the availability of anionic carboxylic groups on the fiber resulting in high wet strength; lignin is potential biomaterial based wet strength.Investigations revealed that ester bond formation between ASA and cellulose is insignificant and is not a prerequisite for sizing effectiveness. Although, hydrolyzed ASA contributes to the sizing performance, direct application of hydrolyzed ASA to the pulp leads to flocculation and does not achieve sizing. The results revealed that ASA and AKD size reversions are significantly light and oxygen dependent. The oxidative photodegradation mechanisms of the sizing agents are explored and possible mechanisms are proposed.

ISBN: 9798382810676Subjects--Topical Terms:

586835
Engineering.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Photodegradation

Additives Impact on Wet Strength and Size Development in Papermaking- Polyamide Epichlorohydrin (PAE), Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) and Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Cases.
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245 1 0 $a Additives Impact on Wet Strength and Size Development in Papermaking- Polyamide Epichlorohydrin (PAE), Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA) and Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) Cases.
260 1 $a Ann Arbor : $b ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, $c 2024
300 $a 218 p.
500 $a Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: B.
500 $a Advisor: Ji, Yun;Hart, Peter.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of North Dakota, 2024.
520 $a Additives are ingredients used in papermaking to enhance fiber properties, introduce special properties to the paper and improve the efficiency of the paper making process. Wet strength agents, sizing agents, dry strength agents, fillers, retention aids, defoamers, dyes and pigments are common additives used in paper mills. Poor retention of wet strength additive such as PAAE (polyamide epichlorohydrin) and hydrophobicity loss due to ASA (alkenyl succinic anhydride) and AKD (alkyl ketene dimer) size reversion not only increase cost and reduce product quality in the mill but also increase customer complaints and rejections.In this study, a method was developed to quantify and study the parameters that govern PAAE retention in paperboard. PAAE applications, performance, and recyclability were also investigated. In addition, ASA bonding mechanism to the fiber was investigated, and experiments were performed under different environmental conditions to determine the environmental parameters that initiate or catalyze ASA and AKD size reversion.The results of these studies indicated that PAAE can be quantified after hydrolysis and derivatization to diethyl adipate. PAAE retention increases as the pulp freeness decreases. Instead of freeness, fiber surface charge can be used to predict PAAE retention. The results also indicated that high presence of lignin in the sheet provides wet strength and low PAAE retention due to low availability of carboxylic groups on the fiber. On the contrary, when the lignin is removed, the retained amount of cationic PAAE increases due to the availability of anionic carboxylic groups on the fiber resulting in high wet strength; lignin is potential biomaterial based wet strength.Investigations revealed that ester bond formation between ASA and cellulose is insignificant and is not a prerequisite for sizing effectiveness. Although, hydrolyzed ASA contributes to the sizing performance, direct application of hydrolyzed ASA to the pulp leads to flocculation and does not achieve sizing. The results revealed that ASA and AKD size reversions are significantly light and oxygen dependent. The oxidative photodegradation mechanisms of the sizing agents are explored and possible mechanisms are proposed.
590 $a School code: 0156.
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650 4 $a Chemistry. $3 516420
650 4 $a Packaging. $3 585030
650 4 $a Chemical engineering. $3 560457
653 $a Photodegradation
653 $a Retention
653 $a Paper making process
653 $a Additives
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690 $a 0542
710 2 $a The University of North Dakota. $b Chemical Engineering. $3 3435974
773 0 $t Dissertations Abstracts International $g 85-12B.
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