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Flexible Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters Using Bulk Thermoelectric Legs and Low-Resistivity Liquid Metal Interconnects with High Thermal Conductivity Encapsulation.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Flexible Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters Using Bulk Thermoelectric Legs and Low-Resistivity Liquid Metal Interconnects with High Thermal Conductivity Encapsulation./
Author:	Sargolzaeiaval, Yasaman.
Description:	1 online resource
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-07, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International81-07B.
Subject:	Alternative energy. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=27731904click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9781392480847

Flexible Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters Using Bulk Thermoelectric Legs and Low-Resistivity Liquid Metal Interconnects with High Thermal Conductivity Encapsulation.
Sargolzaeiaval, Yasaman.

Flexible Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters Using Bulk Thermoelectric Legs and Low-Resistivity Liquid Metal Interconnects with High Thermal Conductivity Encapsulation. - 1 online resource

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-07, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--North Carolina State University, 2019.

Includes bibliographical references

The human body continuously generates bio-heat through metabolic reactions. The metabolic heat which is dissipated from the human skin surface, is a renewable source of energy, which can be harvested to provide sufficient power for miniaturized electronic devices. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are excellent candidates for conversion of metabolic heat to electrical power. When a temperature gradient is established across a TEG, an electrical voltage is generated due to the Seebeck effect. Since there exists a natural temperature difference between the human body and the ambient, TEGs can be integrated into wearable electronics, such as fitness gadgets, as the energy source to generate the required energy. In general, wearable TEGs can generate micro-watts to milli-watts of electrical power, which is sufficient to continuously run wearables with low power electronics. There is a growing interest in long-term vigilant monitoring of human health parameters as well as environmental factors using wearable electronics. However, the need for frequent replacement or recharging of the batteries is a huge challenge which makes wearable monitoring systems less appealing to a large population of users. Recent advances in low power wearable electronics makes it feasible to realize fully self-powered systems that solely rely on harvested energy from the human body. Therefore, incorporating flexible TEGs as the power source into wearable electronics is a promising way to eliminate the need for batteries. With low power sensors, electronics, and flexible TEGs, fully self-powered wearable systems can be achievable. The focus of this thesis was to minimize the parasitic losses that occurred due to the presence of an encapsulation layer above the EGaIn interconnects. The main goal of this work is to improve the performance of flexible TEGs using eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) interconnects. Initially, the performance of flexible TEGs was modeled using 3D COMSOL simulations. The modeling results clearly showed that the encasing layer of the EGaIn interconnects should have a thermal conductivity of about 1 W/mK (or higher) to avoid the impact of the parasitic thermal series resistance of the encapsulation layer. Additionally, our modeling showed that incorporation of a thin metal spreader with a thickness of less than 10 µm on the cold side of the TEGs improves the output power by enhancing heat rejection. In order to produce flexible TEGs that can compete with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) rigid TEGs, it is essential to to minimize the parasitic thermal resistances via new materials and device design. We were able to successfully develop a high thermal conductivity (HTC) elastomer using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) doped with EGaIn and graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs). The thermal conductivity of this new elastomer was about 6X higher than that of pure PDMS. We showed that the incorporation of the HTC elastomer as the encasing layer of the EGaIn interconnects increased the output power of the flexible TEGs by 1.7X compared to devices created with pure PDMS as the encapsulation layer. Finally, we developed a method to electroplate copper on flexible TEGs that led to a further enhancement of 1.3X in the output power density with the presence of air flow at normal walking speeds.Finally, the performance of different flexible TEGs were evaluated and reported at different ambient conditions showing best-in-class performance compared to other flexible TEGs developed for body heat harvesting. Lastly, we identify and discuss future design improvements and modeling pathways that can potentially impact the design, fabrication, and performance of the bulk EGaIn-based flexible TEGs.

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2023

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9781392480847Subjects--Topical Terms:

3436775
Alternative energy.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Renewable energyIndex Terms--Genre/Form:

542853
Electronic books.

Flexible Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters Using Bulk Thermoelectric Legs and Low-Resistivity Liquid Metal Interconnects with High Thermal Conductivity Encapsulation.
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520 $a The human body continuously generates bio-heat through metabolic reactions. The metabolic heat which is dissipated from the human skin surface, is a renewable source of energy, which can be harvested to provide sufficient power for miniaturized electronic devices. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are excellent candidates for conversion of metabolic heat to electrical power. When a temperature gradient is established across a TEG, an electrical voltage is generated due to the Seebeck effect. Since there exists a natural temperature difference between the human body and the ambient, TEGs can be integrated into wearable electronics, such as fitness gadgets, as the energy source to generate the required energy. In general, wearable TEGs can generate micro-watts to milli-watts of electrical power, which is sufficient to continuously run wearables with low power electronics. There is a growing interest in long-term vigilant monitoring of human health parameters as well as environmental factors using wearable electronics. However, the need for frequent replacement or recharging of the batteries is a huge challenge which makes wearable monitoring systems less appealing to a large population of users. Recent advances in low power wearable electronics makes it feasible to realize fully self-powered systems that solely rely on harvested energy from the human body. Therefore, incorporating flexible TEGs as the power source into wearable electronics is a promising way to eliminate the need for batteries. With low power sensors, electronics, and flexible TEGs, fully self-powered wearable systems can be achievable. The focus of this thesis was to minimize the parasitic losses that occurred due to the presence of an encapsulation layer above the EGaIn interconnects. The main goal of this work is to improve the performance of flexible TEGs using eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) interconnects. Initially, the performance of flexible TEGs was modeled using 3D COMSOL simulations. The modeling results clearly showed that the encasing layer of the EGaIn interconnects should have a thermal conductivity of about 1 W/mK (or higher) to avoid the impact of the parasitic thermal series resistance of the encapsulation layer. Additionally, our modeling showed that incorporation of a thin metal spreader with a thickness of less than 10 µm on the cold side of the TEGs improves the output power by enhancing heat rejection. In order to produce flexible TEGs that can compete with commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) rigid TEGs, it is essential to to minimize the parasitic thermal resistances via new materials and device design. We were able to successfully develop a high thermal conductivity (HTC) elastomer using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) doped with EGaIn and graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs). The thermal conductivity of this new elastomer was about 6X higher than that of pure PDMS. We showed that the incorporation of the HTC elastomer as the encasing layer of the EGaIn interconnects increased the output power of the flexible TEGs by 1.7X compared to devices created with pure PDMS as the encapsulation layer. Finally, we developed a method to electroplate copper on flexible TEGs that led to a further enhancement of 1.3X in the output power density with the presence of air flow at normal walking speeds.Finally, the performance of different flexible TEGs were evaluated and reported at different ambient conditions showing best-in-class performance compared to other flexible TEGs developed for body heat harvesting. Lastly, we identify and discuss future design improvements and modeling pathways that can potentially impact the design, fabrication, and performance of the bulk EGaIn-based flexible TEGs.
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