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Algal System for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: Multi-Criteria Analysis and Process Development for Water Reclamation and Fertilizer Recovery.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Algal System for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: Multi-Criteria Analysis and Process Development for Water Reclamation and Fertilizer Recovery./
作者:	Munasinghe Arachchige, Srimali Preethika.
出版者:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2020,
面頁冊數:	198 p.
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 82-08, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International82-08B.
標題:	Environmental engineering. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=28155245
ISBN:	9798557086233

Algal System for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: Multi-Criteria Analysis and Process Development for Water Reclamation and Fertilizer Recovery.
Munasinghe Arachchige, Srimali Preethika.

Algal System for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: Multi-Criteria Analysis and Process Development for Water Reclamation and Fertilizer Recovery. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2020 - 198 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 82-08, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--New Mexico State University, 2020.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

Municipal wastewater treatment plants in the US and around the world that have continued to rely on the traditional technologies such as the activated sludge (AS) and the nitrification/denitrification processes are now facing new challenges because of emergent concerns about their resource-intensity, secondary emissions, ecological-footprint, sustainability, and life-cycle impacts. Recognizing these challenges, regulatory agencies, professional societies, and global organizations have recommended that the ageing wastewater infrastructure facilities have to be upgraded with emerging technologies, not only for treating wastewaters efficiently, but also for recovering their valuable resource-contents to provide greener and sustainable utility services.In response to the above, researchers at NMSU have been developing a novel algal-based sewage treatment and resource recovery (STaRR) system as a potential alternate to the current practice. Capabilities of the STaRR system in meeting tertiary-level discharge standards and in recovering energy and fertilizer from sewage have been demonstrated. As part of this on-going effort, the current study was undertaken to assess the STaRR system against the traditional sewage treatment technologies to identify its shortcomings and to develop process refinements for improving its sustainability.To facilitate the assessment of sewage treatment technologies considering their sustainability, affordability, reliability, and resource-recoverability beyond functionality, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach was adopted in this study. This report illustrates the application of the Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations (PROMETHEE) method in the MCDM process in evaluating five sewage treatment systems: AS treatment followed by anaerobic digestion (P1); photoautotrophic algal treatment followed by hydrothermal liquefaction (P2) or by anaerobic digestion (P3); and, STaRR system followed by hydrothermal liquefaction (P4) or by anaerobic digestion (P5). Fifteen criteria derived from the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were used to assess and rank these treatment systems. Although P4 ranked as the most preferred option followed by P5 and P2, the MCDM analysis indicated that the performance of the STaRR system could be improved further by i) maximizing bacterial inactivation; ii) improving effluent water quality for possible restricted reuse applications; and iii) maximizing nutrient recovery. These findings provided the motivation for the follow-up studies.As a prerequisite for maximizing bacterial inactivation, a process model was developed in this study to predict bacterial inactivation in the STaRR system under the synergistic effects of temperature, pH, and sunlight in terms of their first-order inactivation rates. First-order temperature-dependent inactivation rate at 20 °C (k20) was established as 0.05 hr-1 with a temperature coefficient (θ) of 1.08. Inactivation coefficient due to the combined effects of sunlight was established as 0.647 m2/MJ. This model was validated with experimental data from five scenarios, spanning over five orders of magnitude of log removals (r2 = 0.947; n = 12). Utility value of this model in forecasting fed-batch processing time under field conditions was illustrated.Ability of the STaRR system in delivering effluent suitable for restricted reuse applications was evaluated based on water quality parameters versus the current reuse guidelines that require a final disinfection step of the reclaimed water. Since the common practice of disinfection by chlorine can result in a family of carcinogenic compounds, referred to as disinfection byproducts (DBP), this study undertook an assessment of chlorinated samples of the effluent from the STaRR system. Based on gross water quality measures and the potential for formation of nitrosamines (a sub-group of DBPs), this study concluded that the optimum initial chlorine dose required to satisfy the reuse guidelines was 13.0 mg Cl2/L when chlorinated at a pH of 6. Under this condition, none of the seven nitrosamines analyzed in this study were >50 ng/L. This finding was corroborated with results obtained through non-targeted screening by liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry of the unchlorinated STaRR system effluent revealing negligible levels of amines.To maximize recovery of nitrogen-content of sewage, the MCDM method was adopted to assess the following nitrogen-recovery technologies that are currently available: air-stripping, ultrafiltration/ion exchange, struvite precipitation, ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis, and gas permeable membrane separation. Based on the MCDM rankings that indicated the gas permeable membrane separation technology as the preferred option, a gas permeable membrane reactor (GPMR) was developed in this study to recover ammonium sulfate from N-rich wastes streams for use as a fertilizer. A semi-empirical model was developed to predict the performance of the GPMR in recovering N-fertilizer using synthetic ammonium chloride solution as the feed. N-removal from the feed source was found to be dependent on its pH level and the degree of mixing on the feed-side of the membrane. Overall mass transfer coefficient in the GPMR increased significantly (p <0.05) with mixing speeds up to 250 rpm.The model was then validated using two other nitrogen-rich waste streams of sewage origin; 1) centrate generated by an anaerobic digester at the Las Cruces Wastewater Treatment Plant; and 2) aqueous phase generated as a byproduct in the STaRR system. Good agreement was found between the predicted and measured temporal ammoniacal-nitrogen concentrations in the two feeds (r2 = 0.8 for n = 70). The GPMR recovered 90 - 100% of ammoniacal-nitrogen in both the waste streams, yielding 2 - 86 g of ammonium sulfate from 1 L of the feed. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis and heavy metal analysis of the recovered ammonium sulfate crystals confirmed compliance with US EPA guidelines for use as a crop fertilizer. Confocal microscopic images of virgin and used membrane surfaces were examined to assess membrane fouling. Process intensification analysis was performed to identify the effects of physical parameters on the performance of the GPMR and for scale-up.

ISBN: 9798557086233Subjects--Topical Terms:

548583
Environmental engineering.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Algal-based sewage treatment

Algal System for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment: Multi-Criteria Analysis and Process Development for Water Reclamation and Fertilizer Recovery.
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Capabilities of the STaRR system in meeting tertiary-level discharge standards and in recovering energy and fertilizer from sewage have been demonstrated. As part of this on-going effort, the current study was undertaken to assess the STaRR system against the traditional sewage treatment technologies to identify its shortcomings and to develop process refinements for improving its sustainability.To facilitate the assessment of sewage treatment technologies considering their sustainability, affordability, reliability, and resource-recoverability beyond functionality, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach was adopted in this study. This report illustrates the application of the Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations (PROMETHEE) method in the MCDM process in evaluating five sewage treatment systems: AS treatment followed by anaerobic digestion (P1); photoautotrophic algal treatment followed by hydrothermal liquefaction (P2) or by anaerobic digestion (P3); and, STaRR system followed by hydrothermal liquefaction (P4) or by anaerobic digestion (P5). Fifteen criteria derived from the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were used to assess and rank these treatment systems. Although P4 ranked as the most preferred option followed by P5 and P2, the MCDM analysis indicated that the performance of the STaRR system could be improved further by i) maximizing bacterial inactivation; ii) improving effluent water quality for possible restricted reuse applications; and iii) maximizing nutrient recovery. These findings provided the motivation for the follow-up studies.As a prerequisite for maximizing bacterial inactivation, a process model was developed in this study to predict bacterial inactivation in the STaRR system under the synergistic effects of temperature, pH, and sunlight in terms of their first-order inactivation rates. First-order temperature-dependent inactivation rate at 20 °C (k20) was established as 0.05 hr-1 with a temperature coefficient (θ) of 1.08. Inactivation coefficient due to the combined effects of sunlight was established as 0.647 m2/MJ. This model was validated with experimental data from five scenarios, spanning over five orders of magnitude of log removals (r2 = 0.947; n = 12). Utility value of this model in forecasting fed-batch processing time under field conditions was illustrated.Ability of the STaRR system in delivering effluent suitable for restricted reuse applications was evaluated based on water quality parameters versus the current reuse guidelines that require a final disinfection step of the reclaimed water. Since the common practice of disinfection by chlorine can result in a family of carcinogenic compounds, referred to as disinfection byproducts (DBP), this study undertook an assessment of chlorinated samples of the effluent from the STaRR system. Based on gross water quality measures and the potential for formation of nitrosamines (a sub-group of DBPs), this study concluded that the optimum initial chlorine dose required to satisfy the reuse guidelines was 13.0 mg Cl2/L when chlorinated at a pH of 6. Under this condition, none of the seven nitrosamines analyzed in this study were >50 ng/L. This finding was corroborated with results obtained through non-targeted screening by liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry of the unchlorinated STaRR system effluent revealing negligible levels of amines.To maximize recovery of nitrogen-content of sewage, the MCDM method was adopted to assess the following nitrogen-recovery technologies that are currently available: air-stripping, ultrafiltration/ion exchange, struvite precipitation, ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis, and gas permeable membrane separation. Based on the MCDM rankings that indicated the gas permeable membrane separation technology as the preferred option, a gas permeable membrane reactor (GPMR) was developed in this study to recover ammonium sulfate from N-rich wastes streams for use as a fertilizer. A semi-empirical model was developed to predict the performance of the GPMR in recovering N-fertilizer using synthetic ammonium chloride solution as the feed. N-removal from the feed source was found to be dependent on its pH level and the degree of mixing on the feed-side of the membrane. Overall mass transfer coefficient in the GPMR increased significantly (p <0.05) with mixing speeds up to 250 rpm.The model was then validated using two other nitrogen-rich waste streams of sewage origin; 1) centrate generated by an anaerobic digester at the Las Cruces Wastewater Treatment Plant; and 2) aqueous phase generated as a byproduct in the STaRR system. Good agreement was found between the predicted and measured temporal ammoniacal-nitrogen concentrations in the two feeds (r2 = 0.8 for n = 70). The GPMR recovered 90 - 100% of ammoniacal-nitrogen in both the waste streams, yielding 2 - 86 g of ammonium sulfate from 1 L of the feed. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis and heavy metal analysis of the recovered ammonium sulfate crystals confirmed compliance with US EPA guidelines for use as a crop fertilizer. Confocal microscopic images of virgin and used membrane surfaces were examined to assess membrane fouling. Process intensification analysis was performed to identify the effects of physical parameters on the performance of the GPMR and for scale-up.
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