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Effective Demand for Safer and More Reliable Water Supply in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Evidence from Urban Bangladesh and Rural Uganda.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Effective Demand for Safer and More Reliable Water Supply in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Evidence from Urban Bangladesh and Rural Uganda./
Author:	Smith, Daniel W.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2021,
Description:	279 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 83-05, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International83-05B.
Subject:	Drinking water. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=28688323
ISBN:	9798544204091

Effective Demand for Safer and More Reliable Water Supply in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Evidence from Urban Bangladesh and Rural Uganda.
Smith, Daniel W.

Effective Demand for Safer and More Reliable Water Supply in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Evidence from Urban Bangladesh and Rural Uganda. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2021 - 279 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 83-05, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2021.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

Access to drinking water infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has increased over the last 30 years, but much of that infrastructure functions intermittently, provides water of poor quality, or fails prematurely. Financing for the recurrent costs of delivering truly safe and reliable water supply is far lower than needed. This dissertation contributes to understanding the extent to which water users' willingness and ability to pay (their 'effective demand') over time for innovative, community-level water supply improvements that obviate individual behavior change could fill this financial gap. It does so by measuring effective demand and its determinants for real water supply improvements delivered as subscription services in exchange for real money payments.Two price experiments and one simulation were conducted in contexts where safer and more reliable water supply is urgently needed: urban South Asia and rural Africa. Each study involved collecting data in the field over five months to two years. First, 196 landlords of rental housing in Dhaka, Bangladesh were offered a passive, inline chlorination service at various prices using Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) auctions. Second, a Monte Carlo simulation was developed to estimate the effect of Dhaka residents' aversion to chlorine taste on their choice of water supply and subsequent exposure to microbiological and disinfection byproduct contamination. Third, 113 community water committees across two districts in rural Uganda were offered a professional handpump maintenance and repair service at various prices, also using BDM auctions.The in-line chlorination and handpump services were delivered successfully and satisfied most of their customers. Nonetheless, effective demand for both services decreased over time and was insufficient to recover a meaningful share of their operational expenses at the scale of study. There was little evidence that landlords in Dhaka and water committees in Uganda responded to the economic incentives hypothesized to make the services especially attractive to them. Notably, some determinants of demand for different stages in the process of acquiring and sustaining the water supply improvements differed within and across contexts. For example, landlords renting to low-income households had lower effective demand over a one-year service period than those renting to middle-income households despite similar initial rates of payment across both groups. And whereas effective demand over time for in-line chlorination in Dhaka was correlated with income, effective demand for more reliable handpumps in rural Uganda was not correlated with any measure of wealth employed.The Monte Carlo simulation suggests that accounting for chlorine taste aversion changes the expected relationship between the chlorine dose used in point-of-use (household-level) water treatment and subsequent exposure to both microbiological and disinfection byproduct contamination. Instead of higher doses necessarily reducing microbiological exposure, there is a theoretical optimum dose for a given context at which the combined likelihoods of people choosing to drink chlorinated water and microbiological inactivation minimize population-level exposure. For disinfection byproducts, there is a dose at which the combined likelihoods of people choosing to drink chlorinated water and disinfection byproduct formation maximizes population-level exposure. In Dhaka, simulated exposure to E. coli ≥1 Colony Forming Unit (CFU) the widely accepted health-based standard, was minimized at a dose of 0.5 mg/L Cl2; disinfection byproduct exposure was maximized at doses of 1-2 mg/L.

ISBN: 9798544204091Subjects--Topical Terms:

605014
Drinking water.

Effective Demand for Safer and More Reliable Water Supply in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Evidence from Urban Bangladesh and Rural Uganda.
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