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Impacts of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic...

Dehnert, Gavin.

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Impacts of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) on Early Developmental Life Stages of Freshwater Fish.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Impacts of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) on Early Developmental Life Stages of Freshwater Fish./
Author:	Dehnert, Gavin.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2020,
Description:	176 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-10, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International81-10B.
Subject:	Toxicology. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=27741137
ISBN:	9781658431132

Impacts of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) on Early Developmental Life Stages of Freshwater Fish.
Dehnert, Gavin.

Impacts of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) on Early Developmental Life Stages of Freshwater Fish. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2020 - 176 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-10, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2020.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

One of the most common active ingredients in commercial herbicide formulations used around the world is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). In the United States, commercial 2,4-D herbicides are commonly applied directly into aquatic environments to control invasive, nuisance aquatic species. Based on previous toxicity studies that determined no-observed-effect-concentrations (NOEC) for a variety of fish species, the Environmental Protection Agency permits 2,4-D amine applications up to 4 ppm for spot treatment and up to 2 ppm for whole-lake treatment. However, many of the original toxicity studies were acute toxicity trials (48 to 96 hours), and all of them used juvenile or adult life stages. Yet, application of commercial 2,4-D to aquatic environments typically occurs in the spring when many freshwater fish are spawning, and due to the stability of 2,4-D in the water column of lakes, many non-target species are exposed during early developmental life stages. The goal of this dissertation was to understand the subchronic and chronic impacts of ecologically relevant concentrations of 2,4-D exposure on early life stages of freshwater fish. Chapter 1 demonstrated that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of two commercial 2,4-D herbicides and the active ingredient 2,4-D alone negatively impacts the survival of larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas; family Cyprinidae). Chapter 2, a phylogenetically informed comparative study, demonstrated that 2,4-D exposure also impacts other freshwater fish species across more distant clades (4 other families, 2 other orders). Chapter 3, using other species, zebrafish (Danio rerio; family Cyrinidae) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens; family Percidae), demonstrated that 2,4-D exposure negatively impacts essential survival behaviors (e.g. prey capture and predator evasion) that are linked to processes in the visual system. Together, results from this dissertation found that exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of 2,4-D negatively impacts the development and survival of multiple freshwater fish species and suggests that early life stages are more sensitive to 2,4-D exposure. Altogether, the three chapters provide information on the environmental costs of 2,4-D application on non-target organisms, which can help inform and improve risk assessment decisions.

ISBN: 9781658431132Subjects--Topical Terms:

556884
Toxicology.
Subjects--Index Terms:

4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Impacts of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) on Early Developmental Life Stages of Freshwater Fish.
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520 $a One of the most common active ingredients in commercial herbicide formulations used around the world is 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). In the United States, commercial 2,4-D herbicides are commonly applied directly into aquatic environments to control invasive, nuisance aquatic species. Based on previous toxicity studies that determined no-observed-effect-concentrations (NOEC) for a variety of fish species, the Environmental Protection Agency permits 2,4-D amine applications up to 4 ppm for spot treatment and up to 2 ppm for whole-lake treatment. However, many of the original toxicity studies were acute toxicity trials (48 to 96 hours), and all of them used juvenile or adult life stages. Yet, application of commercial 2,4-D to aquatic environments typically occurs in the spring when many freshwater fish are spawning, and due to the stability of 2,4-D in the water column of lakes, many non-target species are exposed during early developmental life stages. The goal of this dissertation was to understand the subchronic and chronic impacts of ecologically relevant concentrations of 2,4-D exposure on early life stages of freshwater fish. Chapter 1 demonstrated that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of two commercial 2,4-D herbicides and the active ingredient 2,4-D alone negatively impacts the survival of larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas; family Cyprinidae). Chapter 2, a phylogenetically informed comparative study, demonstrated that 2,4-D exposure also impacts other freshwater fish species across more distant clades (4 other families, 2 other orders). Chapter 3, using other species, zebrafish (Danio rerio; family Cyrinidae) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens; family Percidae), demonstrated that 2,4-D exposure negatively impacts essential survival behaviors (e.g. prey capture and predator evasion) that are linked to processes in the visual system. Together, results from this dissertation found that exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of 2,4-D negatively impacts the development and survival of multiple freshwater fish species and suggests that early life stages are more sensitive to 2,4-D exposure. Altogether, the three chapters provide information on the environmental costs of 2,4-D application on non-target organisms, which can help inform and improve risk assessment decisions.
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