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Hot in the City: Understanding the C...

Meineke, Emily Kathryn.

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Hot in the City: Understanding the Consequences of Urban Warming for Street Trees and their Pests.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Hot in the City: Understanding the Consequences of Urban Warming for Street Trees and their Pests./
Author:	Meineke, Emily Kathryn.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2016,
Description:	99 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 78-08(E), Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertation Abstracts International78-08B(E).
Subject:	Entomology. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=10585405
ISBN:	9781369638776

Hot in the City: Understanding the Consequences of Urban Warming for Street Trees and their Pests.
Meineke, Emily Kathryn.

Hot in the City: Understanding the Consequences of Urban Warming for Street Trees and their Pests. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2016 - 99 p.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 78-08(E), Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--North Carolina State University, 2016.

For over a century, scientists have known that herbivorous arthropod pests are more abundant in cities than in surrounding rural areas. However, the mechanisms for this pattern remained unknown. I investigated the effects of warming in cities, the "urban heat island effect", on arthropod pest abundance. I predicted that urban warming would increase pest densities by inducing higher survival and reproductive rates and disrupting interactions with natural enemies. I found that urban warming increased abundance of the pest scale insect Parthenolecanium quercifex on willow oak Quercus phellos street trees by 13 times. In a greenhouse reciprocal transplant experiment, P. quercifex survived better in hotter conditions but only if they were from hot urban sites. This result shows that P. quercifex has acclimated or adapted to urban warming, one mechanism for higher P. quercifex abundance in urban heat islands. Further, urban heat increased P. quercifex fitness by disrupting interactions with parasitoid wasps. The suite of parasitoids that attacks P. quercifex was less effective at reducing P. quercifex fecundity at hot urban sites. To investigate how urban warming and arthropod pests affected urban trees, I conducted a citywide, factorial experiment across an urban warming gradient. I used pesticides to separate direct effects of warming from indirect effects of warming via higher insect pest abundance. Urban heat and higher pest abundance additively reduced tree growth, such that the direct effects of warming alone reduced citywide carbon sequestration by over 15% per year. This was in large part because hotter trees were more water stressed and, therefore, photosynthesized less than cooler trees. Using a factorial laboratory chamber experiment, I determined how these three potentially damaging factors for trees that are increasing with climate change---warming, drought, and insect pests---affected willow oak growth and carbon storage. Results from this experiment bolstered the finding that water stress, which is exacerbated by warming, reduced urban tree carbon storage. In the absence of water stress, insect pests and warming had neutral or positive effects on trees. This novel result shows that the effects of certain insect pests will increase as trees become water stressed globally. Together, these studies provide the first evidence that urban and rural trees will growth less and, thus, store less carbon in the future as urban and global climates warm. Willow oak is one of the most resilient trees to pests and drought. Therefore, tree growth will decline even more severely in more sensitive trees and trees at the southern edges of their range.

ISBN: 9781369638776Subjects--Topical Terms:

615844
Entomology.

Hot in the City: Understanding the Consequences of Urban Warming for Street Trees and their Pests.
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520 $a For over a century, scientists have known that herbivorous arthropod pests are more abundant in cities than in surrounding rural areas. However, the mechanisms for this pattern remained unknown. I investigated the effects of warming in cities, the "urban heat island effect", on arthropod pest abundance. I predicted that urban warming would increase pest densities by inducing higher survival and reproductive rates and disrupting interactions with natural enemies. I found that urban warming increased abundance of the pest scale insect Parthenolecanium quercifex on willow oak Quercus phellos street trees by 13 times. In a greenhouse reciprocal transplant experiment, P. quercifex survived better in hotter conditions but only if they were from hot urban sites. This result shows that P. quercifex has acclimated or adapted to urban warming, one mechanism for higher P. quercifex abundance in urban heat islands. Further, urban heat increased P. quercifex fitness by disrupting interactions with parasitoid wasps. The suite of parasitoids that attacks P. quercifex was less effective at reducing P. quercifex fecundity at hot urban sites. To investigate how urban warming and arthropod pests affected urban trees, I conducted a citywide, factorial experiment across an urban warming gradient. I used pesticides to separate direct effects of warming from indirect effects of warming via higher insect pest abundance. Urban heat and higher pest abundance additively reduced tree growth, such that the direct effects of warming alone reduced citywide carbon sequestration by over 15% per year. This was in large part because hotter trees were more water stressed and, therefore, photosynthesized less than cooler trees. Using a factorial laboratory chamber experiment, I determined how these three potentially damaging factors for trees that are increasing with climate change---warming, drought, and insect pests---affected willow oak growth and carbon storage. Results from this experiment bolstered the finding that water stress, which is exacerbated by warming, reduced urban tree carbon storage. In the absence of water stress, insect pests and warming had neutral or positive effects on trees. This novel result shows that the effects of certain insect pests will increase as trees become water stressed globally. Together, these studies provide the first evidence that urban and rural trees will growth less and, thus, store less carbon in the future as urban and global climates warm. Willow oak is one of the most resilient trees to pests and drought. Therefore, tree growth will decline even more severely in more sensitive trees and trees at the southern edges of their range.
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