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Culture and cause: American and Chin...

Morris, Michael William.

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Culture and cause: American and Chinese understandings of physical and social causality.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Culture and cause: American and Chinese understandings of physical and social causality./
作者:	Morris, Michael William.
出版者:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 1993,
面頁冊數:	121 p.
附註:	Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-03, Section: B, page: 1725.
Contained By:	Dissertation Abstracts International54-03B.
標題:	Social psychology. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=9319592

Culture and cause: American and Chinese understandings of physical and social causality.
Morris, Michael William.

Culture and cause: American and Chinese understandings of physical and social causality. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1993 - 121 p.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-03, Section: B, page: 1725.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Michigan, 1993.

Do principles of causal attribution vary across cultures? Traditionally, psychologists have linked attribution to perception and, hence, assumed attributional tendencies to be culturally invariant--not only for physical events but also for social events. For example, the tendency to favor personal dispositions over situational causes of behavior was linked by Heider to perceptual gestalts (i.e., the person "engulfs the field") and by Ross to inferential heuristics (i.e., the "fundamental attribution error"). However, anthropologists have reported that this tendency is reversed among Native American and Asian groups, and Miller has demonstrated this reversal in experiments with Hindus. Yet critical questions have gone unresolved, such as: (1) Which cultures differ? (2) How broad in scope are cultural differences? (3) How cognitively deep are differences?Subjects--Topical Terms:

520219
Social psychology.

Culture and cause: American and Chinese understandings of physical and social causality.
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245 1 0 $a Culture and cause: American and Chinese understandings of physical and social causality.
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300 $a 121 p.
500 $a Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 54-03, Section: B, page: 1725.
500 $a Chair: Richard E. Nisbett.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Michigan, 1993.
520 $a Do principles of causal attribution vary across cultures? Traditionally, psychologists have linked attribution to perception and, hence, assumed attributional tendencies to be culturally invariant--not only for physical events but also for social events. For example, the tendency to favor personal dispositions over situational causes of behavior was linked by Heider to perceptual gestalts (i.e., the person "engulfs the field") and by Ross to inferential heuristics (i.e., the "fundamental attribution error"). However, anthropologists have reported that this tendency is reversed among Native American and Asian groups, and Miller has demonstrated this reversal in experiments with Hindus. Yet critical questions have gone unresolved, such as: (1) Which cultures differ? (2) How broad in scope are cultural differences? (3) How cognitively deep are differences?
520 $a I hypothesized that attributions are guided by domain-specific implicit theories, and that social but not physical theories vary across cultures. Specifically, I proposed that attributors in individualist cultures have a person-centered social theory and attributors in collectivist cultures have a situation-centered theory. Hence, I predicted (1) that American attributors would show a dispositionalist bias and Chinese attributors a situationalist bias, (2) that this cultural difference would extend broadly across the social domain, but not extend to the physical domain, and (3) that it would run deep enough to affect any mode of causal cognition--not only verbal explanation but also visual perception and counterfactual reasoning.
520 $a I tested these predictions about the breadth and depth of differences with several tasks. Study 1 used animated films to demonstrate that on-line causal perceptions of social behavior, even that of animals, differed between American and Chinese subjects, whereas their causal perceptions of physical events were alike. Study 2 showed that attributions for murder in English-language newspapers were primarily dispositional and in Chinese-language newspapers, primarily situational--both for American murderers and Chinese murderers. Study 3 showed that, relative to Americans, Chinese respondents to a survey about murder weighted dispositional causes as less important, weighted situational causes as more important, and reasoned that the murder would be unlikely in counterfactual situations--that if only the situation had been different, the murder would not have occurred.
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