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Real-world visual exploration in inf...

Kretch, Kari Sonia.

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Real-world visual exploration in infants.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Real-world visual exploration in infants./
作者:	Kretch, Kari Sonia.
面頁冊數:	142 p.
附註:	Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 76-12(E), Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertation Abstracts International76-12B(E).
標題:	Developmental psychology. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=3716558
ISBN:	9781321954494

Real-world visual exploration in infants.
Kretch, Kari Sonia.

Real-world visual exploration in infants. - 142 p.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 76-12(E), Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--New York University, 2015.

Infants' spontaneous looking behavior is one of the most common outcome measures in developmental psychology. However, researchers know surprisingly little about where infants look in their everyday lives. Questions about infant looking have traditionally been investigated using third-person viewpoints (observing infants and inferring where their gaze is directed) or desk-mounted eye trackers (measuring where infants look on a computer screen). But the recent development of infant head-mounted eye trackers (Franchak, Kretch, Soska, & Adolph, 2011) now allows researchers to precisely measure infants' gaze in real-world settings. Real-world vision differs from screen-viewing in important ways. First, the visual world is rich, panoramic, and three-dimensional. Second, looking is constrained by the physical properties of the body. Finally, vision is functional and is used to guide action. A set of 3 papers takes advantage of this new method to characterize infant visual exploration in natural settings and during functional tasks.

ISBN: 9781321954494Subjects--Topical Terms:

516948
Developmental psychology.

Real-world visual exploration in infants.
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500 $a Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 76-12(E), Section: B.
500 $a Adviser: Karen E. Adolph.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--New York University, 2015.
520 $a Infants' spontaneous looking behavior is one of the most common outcome measures in developmental psychology. However, researchers know surprisingly little about where infants look in their everyday lives. Questions about infant looking have traditionally been investigated using third-person viewpoints (observing infants and inferring where their gaze is directed) or desk-mounted eye trackers (measuring where infants look on a computer screen). But the recent development of infant head-mounted eye trackers (Franchak, Kretch, Soska, & Adolph, 2011) now allows researchers to precisely measure infants' gaze in real-world settings. Real-world vision differs from screen-viewing in important ways. First, the visual world is rich, panoramic, and three-dimensional. Second, looking is constrained by the physical properties of the body. Finally, vision is functional and is used to guide action. A set of 3 papers takes advantage of this new method to characterize infant visual exploration in natural settings and during functional tasks.
520 $a Paper 1 examines free viewing, or pure visual exploration with minimal task constraints, in infants and adults moving through a rich, natural environment. To equate visual scenes between infants and adults, infants rode in a forward-facing infant carrier while their mothers walked around an academic building; both infants and mothers wore head-mounted eye trackers to record gaze. Results indicated that several classic findings from screen-based eye tracking failed to replicate or manifested differently under real-world conditions. Mothers and infants did not display high levels of inter-observer consistency; infants, but not mothers, showed a bias to look at people; the classic "center bias" was head-based, not scene-based; and infants and mothers looked at salient, but not the most salient, parts of the environment.
520 $a Paper 2 illustrates that visual experience is constrained by infants' posture. Twelve-month-old infants crawled or walked down a straight path, while wearing a head-mounted eye tracker to record gaze and field of view or motion-tracking sensors to record head orientation. Compared with walkers, crawlers' field of view contained less walls, fewer people and objects, and more floor, and crawlers were more likely to direct their gaze downward rather than straight ahead. Crawlers obtained visual information from higher elevations by intermittently craning their necks and sitting up to bring the room into view. These findings indicate that visual input changes in real-time and over development along with changes in posture.
520 $a Paper 3 investigates the real-time process of visual and haptic exploration in the service of planning locomotion over variable terrain. Thirteen- to fourteen-month-old infants were encouraged to cross a series of bridges that varied in width, while wearing a head-mounted eye tracker to record direction of gaze. Infants displayed an organized, efficient sequence of exploratory actions. Visual exploration was used as an initial assessment from a distance on nearly every trial, regardless of bridge width. However, infants spent surprisingly little of each trial fixating the bridge. Haptic exploration occurred later and only on bridges that looked risky. Infants' motor decisions were mostly accurate, but were unrelated to exploratory behaviors. Results confirm predictions about the sequential process of exploration and the distinct roles of vision and touch.
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