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Involvement of nitric oxide synthase...

Holtz, Mary Louise.

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Involvement of nitric oxide synthase enzymes in the development of neuronal degeneration following glutamate excitotoxicity.

Record Type:	Language materials, printed : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Involvement of nitric oxide synthase enzymes in the development of neuronal degeneration following glutamate excitotoxicity./
Author:	Holtz, Mary Louise.
Description:	161 p.
Notes:	Director: L. Creed Pettigrew.
Contained By:	Dissertation Abstracts International61-07B.
Subject:	Biology, Molecular. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=9980801
ISBN:	0599870400

Involvement of nitric oxide synthase enzymes in the development of neuronal degeneration following glutamate excitotoxicity.
Holtz, Mary Louise.

Involvement of nitric oxide synthase enzymes in the development of neuronal degeneration following glutamate excitotoxicity. - 161 p.

Director: L. Creed Pettigrew.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Kentucky, 2000.

Excessive release of excitatory amino acids (EAA) is associated with a complex excitotoxic injury process common to several types of neuronal damage, including cerebral ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion injuries as well as Alzheimer's disease. One EAA neurotransmitter is glutamate. Increased levels of intracellular calcium which occur after glutamate receptor stimulation result in activation of numerous enzymatic cascades. Among those exhibiting enhanced activity, the calpain family of neutral cysteine proteases plays an important role in the degradation of neuronal cytoskeletal elements. Antagonism of glutamate receptor activation results in attenuation of cytoskeletal degeneration typically observed after focal cerebral ischemia. While decreased calcium-dependent enzyme activation may account for this preservation, it is also possible that protection is provided by specialized stress proteins known as heat shock proteins (HSPs). The activity of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family of enzymes is also calcium-dependent. Evidence suggests involvement of nitric oxide (NO), the primary product of NOS enzymes, in ischemic neuronal damage; however, the strictly protective vs. injurious role of NO is not clear.

ISBN: 0599870400Subjects--Topical Terms:

1017719
Biology, Molecular.

Involvement of nitric oxide synthase enzymes in the development of neuronal degeneration following glutamate excitotoxicity.
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020 $a 0599870400
035 $a (UnM)AAI9980801
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100 1 $a Holtz, Mary Louise. $3 1256382
245 1 0 $a Involvement of nitric oxide synthase enzymes in the development of neuronal degeneration following glutamate excitotoxicity.
300 $a 161 p.
500 $a Director: L. Creed Pettigrew.
500 $a Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 61-07, Section: B, page: 3444.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Kentucky, 2000.
520 $a Excessive release of excitatory amino acids (EAA) is associated with a complex excitotoxic injury process common to several types of neuronal damage, including cerebral ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion injuries as well as Alzheimer's disease. One EAA neurotransmitter is glutamate. Increased levels of intracellular calcium which occur after glutamate receptor stimulation result in activation of numerous enzymatic cascades. Among those exhibiting enhanced activity, the calpain family of neutral cysteine proteases plays an important role in the degradation of neuronal cytoskeletal elements. Antagonism of glutamate receptor activation results in attenuation of cytoskeletal degeneration typically observed after focal cerebral ischemia. While decreased calcium-dependent enzyme activation may account for this preservation, it is also possible that protection is provided by specialized stress proteins known as heat shock proteins (HSPs). The activity of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family of enzymes is also calcium-dependent. Evidence suggests involvement of nitric oxide (NO), the primary product of NOS enzymes, in ischemic neuronal damage; however, the strictly protective vs. injurious role of NO is not clear.
520 $a The present study sought to investigate further the role of glutamate in neuronal excitotoxic damage using three different models of excitotoxic injury. An <italic>in vivo</italic> rat model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia was used to evaluate a possible role for HSPs in the neuroprotection observed after glutamate receptor antagonism. Immunohistochemical analysis of HSPs demonstrated that pretreatment with EAA receptor antagonists was capable of altering the pattern of expression of these proteins after ischemic injury. Glutamate receptor antagonism also altered the inflammatory response of glial cells within the infarcted tissue.
520 $a Studies examining NOS activity after ischemia and reperfusion injury utilized an <italic>in vivo</italic> rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. We found rapid expression of NOS enzymes during the acute phase of post-ischemic reperfusion. Interestingly, cells in cortex contralateral to infarcted tissue also exhibited increased expression of NOS enzymes. These results suggest that augmented synthesis of NO may be required to initiate intracellular signaling cascades that determine the fate of neurons threatened by ischemic injury. We then examined the effects of glutamate administration <italic> in vitro</italic>. Using primary cultures of rat fetal hippocampal neurons, we demonstrated glutamate-related changes in caspase-3 enzyme activity. Alterations in activity appeared to be mediated by NO. The extent to which NO is able to moderate the apoptosis observed after ischemia may explain the apparent inconsistencies of NO to either protect or damage neurons.
590 $a School code: 0102.
650 4 $a Biology, Molecular. $3 1017719
650 4 $a Biology, Neuroscience. $3 1017680
650 4 $a Health Sciences, Toxicology. $3 1017752
690 $a 0307
690 $a 0317
690 $a 0383
710 2 0 $a University of Kentucky. $3 1017485
773 0 $t Dissertation Abstracts International $g 61-07B.
790 $a 0102
790 1 0 $a Pettigrew, L. Creed, $e advisor
791 $a Ph.D.
792 $a 2000
856 4 0 $u http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=9980801