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Plant Precursors of Lithuanian Propolis: Extraction, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activity and Application in Eye Drops Modeling = = Lietuvisko Propolio Augaliniai Pirmtakai: Ekstrahavimas, Fitochemine Sudetis, Biologinis Aktyvumas ir Taikymas Akiu Lasu Modeliavime /

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Plant Precursors of Lithuanian Propolis: Extraction, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activity and Application in Eye Drops Modeling =/ Monika Stanciauskaite.
Reminder of title:	Lietuvisko Propolio Augaliniai Pirmtakai: Ekstrahavimas, Fitochemine Sudetis, Biologinis Aktyvumas ir Taikymas Akiu Lasu Modeliavime /
Author:	Stanciauskaite, Monika,
Description:	1 electronic resource (168 pages)
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-02, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International86-02B.
Subject:	Aqueous solutions. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=31272602
ISBN:	9798384003236

Plant Precursors of Lithuanian Propolis: Extraction, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activity and Application in Eye Drops Modeling = = Lietuvisko Propolio Augaliniai Pirmtakai: Ekstrahavimas, Fitochemine Sudetis, Biologinis Aktyvumas ir Taikymas Akiu Lasu Modeliavime /
Stanciauskaite, Monika,

Plant Precursors of Lithuanian Propolis: Extraction, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activity and Application in Eye Drops Modeling =Lietuvisko Propolio Augaliniai Pirmtakai: Ekstrahavimas, Fitochemine Sudetis, Biologinis Aktyvumas ir Taikymas Akiu Lasu Modeliavime /Monika Stanciauskaite. - 1 electronic resource (168 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-02, Section: B.

The increasing interest in herbal preparations encourages scientists to study the application possibilities of plant raw materials and their active compounds in new medical products in more detail [1]. There are natural raw materials that are widely studied by scientists, one of them is the bee product propolis [2]. Propolis is well known for its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and other properties [3, 4]. These properties of propolis are associated with biologically active substances in the raw material [5]. Phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids are known as secondary plant metabolites that provide the plant with a photoprotective function or protection against pathogenic infections [6, 7]. Scientific literature extensively describes the health benefits of phenolic compounds, which are often associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer effects [8, 9], and skin protective functions against UV rays [10, 11]. Phenolic compounds act as antioxidants, inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) or enzymes involved in their production, and can affect enzymatic and signaling systems responsible for inflammatory processes [12-14]. Oxidative stress is related to the high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells when the cell's ability to effectively remove them is exceeded [15]. For these reasons, ROS can cause damage to lipids, proteins, or DNA in the cell [16]. Reactive oxygen species are associated with autoimmune diseases, inflammatory response, and degenerative diseases [17]. Changes occurring in the body during aging can negatively affect the biological functions of the organism [18]. In ophthalmology, the oxidative stress is related to eye diseases - macular degeneration, cataract, uveitis, keratitis, or eye inflammation [19, 20]. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, lignans, and aromatic aldehydes were found in propolis raw material [21, 22]. Flavonoids in propolis are strong antioxidants that can bind free radicals and thus protect cells from lipid peroxidation [23, 24]. Kim et al. found that propolis extracts inhibits UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 production in human skin fibroblasts. The results of this study showed that propolis extract could have an anti-aging effect on human skin by directly inhibiting PI3K activity [25]. Inokuchi et al. in their study found that Brazilian green propolis extract showed the ability to inhibit apoptosis and neurotoxicity induced in cultured RGC-5 rat retinal ganglion cells and reduced retinal damage induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate injection in mice [26]. Ozturk et al. research results showed that propolis had a similar anti-inflammatory effect as dexamethasone in case of chemical corneal damage [27]. The chemical composition of propolis is closely related to the plants prevailing in the collection area, whose active compounds determine its chemical composition [28]. The chemical composition and biological activity of the plant precursors of propolis are increasingly being studied by scientists in order to standardize the quality of propolis raw material [28]. North American and European plant precursors of propolis are resins from the buds of different poplars, aspen, birch, pine, alder, chestnut, and oak [29-31]. Given that the extraction of propolis is a multi-step process, it is relevant to study plant precursors for their application as an alternative to propolis. The alternative of applying plant precursors to propolis is also associated with its nature [32]. Bee products are classified as products of animal origin and this limits the application of propolis to the part of society that does not consume products of animal origin [33]. It should be noted that until now the plant precursors of propolis have not been studied in Lithuania. In traditional medicine, poplar buds were used for colds, respiratory diseases, or digestive ailments, such as diarrhea. Externally, poplar infusions have a good effect on inflammatory skin diseases, dermatitis, or eczema, can facilitate the healing of burn wounds, and decoctions can be used to treat rheumatism or gout [34]. Birch leaves, resin, and buds are used to solve skin and hair problems. They relieve inflammation, urinary tract disorders, or infections [35]. Traditional ways of applying pine buds are for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Their extracts have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, expectorant, and analgesic properties [36]. One of the tasks of this study was to select the extraction conditions of the possible plant precursors of propolis - poplar, birch, and pine buds and to evaluate their chemical composition and biological activity.In order to efficiently extract active compounds from plant raw materials, it is important to choose suitable raw material extraction conditions [37]. Extraction of plant raw materials is often carried out with alcoholic or organic solvents, because such extracts usually have a better yield compared to extracts obtained using aqueous solvents [38, 39]. On the other hand, aqueous solvents are non-toxic and more widely used in pharmaceutical formulations [40]. Ultrasonic extraction is a commonly used extraction method that allows to shorten the extraction time and control the temperature during extraction [41]. Traditional methods, such as maceration, are characterized by a longer raw material extraction process compared to infusions and decoctions, but extraction does not require special equipment [42-44]. It is relevant to select safe solvents for the extraction of active compounds from propolis and its plant precursor raw materials and to select appropriate extraction conditions in order to apply the extracts in the modeling of eye drops.

English

ISBN: 9798384003236Subjects--Topical Terms:

3681511
Aqueous solutions.

Plant Precursors of Lithuanian Propolis: Extraction, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activity and Application in Eye Drops Modeling = = Lietuvisko Propolio Augaliniai Pirmtakai: Ekstrahavimas, Fitochemine Sudetis, Biologinis Aktyvumas ir Taikymas Akiu Lasu Modeliavime /
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245 1 0 $a Plant Precursors of Lithuanian Propolis: Extraction, Phytochemical Composition, Biological Activity and Application in Eye Drops Modeling = $b Lietuvisko Propolio Augaliniai Pirmtakai: Ekstrahavimas, Fitochemine Sudetis, Biologinis Aktyvumas ir Taikymas Akiu Lasu Modeliavime / $c Monika Stanciauskaite.
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500 $a Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-02, Section: B.
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520 $a The increasing interest in herbal preparations encourages scientists to study the application possibilities of plant raw materials and their active compounds in new medical products in more detail [1]. There are natural raw materials that are widely studied by scientists, one of them is the bee product propolis [2]. Propolis is well known for its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and other properties [3, 4]. These properties of propolis are associated with biologically active substances in the raw material [5]. Phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids are known as secondary plant metabolites that provide the plant with a photoprotective function or protection against pathogenic infections [6, 7]. Scientific literature extensively describes the health benefits of phenolic compounds, which are often associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer effects [8, 9], and skin protective functions against UV rays [10, 11]. Phenolic compounds act as antioxidants, inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) or enzymes involved in their production, and can affect enzymatic and signaling systems responsible for inflammatory processes [12-14]. Oxidative stress is related to the high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells when the cell's ability to effectively remove them is exceeded [15]. For these reasons, ROS can cause damage to lipids, proteins, or DNA in the cell [16]. Reactive oxygen species are associated with autoimmune diseases, inflammatory response, and degenerative diseases [17]. Changes occurring in the body during aging can negatively affect the biological functions of the organism [18]. In ophthalmology, the oxidative stress is related to eye diseases - macular degeneration, cataract, uveitis, keratitis, or eye inflammation [19, 20]. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, lignans, and aromatic aldehydes were found in propolis raw material [21, 22]. Flavonoids in propolis are strong antioxidants that can bind free radicals and thus protect cells from lipid peroxidation [23, 24]. Kim et al. found that propolis extracts inhibits UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 production in human skin fibroblasts. The results of this study showed that propolis extract could have an anti-aging effect on human skin by directly inhibiting PI3K activity [25]. Inokuchi et al. in their study found that Brazilian green propolis extract showed the ability to inhibit apoptosis and neurotoxicity induced in cultured RGC-5 rat retinal ganglion cells and reduced retinal damage induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate injection in mice [26]. Ozturk et al. research results showed that propolis had a similar anti-inflammatory effect as dexamethasone in case of chemical corneal damage [27]. The chemical composition of propolis is closely related to the plants prevailing in the collection area, whose active compounds determine its chemical composition [28]. The chemical composition and biological activity of the plant precursors of propolis are increasingly being studied by scientists in order to standardize the quality of propolis raw material [28]. North American and European plant precursors of propolis are resins from the buds of different poplars, aspen, birch, pine, alder, chestnut, and oak [29-31]. Given that the extraction of propolis is a multi-step process, it is relevant to study plant precursors for their application as an alternative to propolis. The alternative of applying plant precursors to propolis is also associated with its nature [32]. Bee products are classified as products of animal origin and this limits the application of propolis to the part of society that does not consume products of animal origin [33]. It should be noted that until now the plant precursors of propolis have not been studied in Lithuania. In traditional medicine, poplar buds were used for colds, respiratory diseases, or digestive ailments, such as diarrhea. Externally, poplar infusions have a good effect on inflammatory skin diseases, dermatitis, or eczema, can facilitate the healing of burn wounds, and decoctions can be used to treat rheumatism or gout [34]. Birch leaves, resin, and buds are used to solve skin and hair problems. They relieve inflammation, urinary tract disorders, or infections [35]. Traditional ways of applying pine buds are for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Their extracts have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, expectorant, and analgesic properties [36]. One of the tasks of this study was to select the extraction conditions of the possible plant precursors of propolis - poplar, birch, and pine buds and to evaluate their chemical composition and biological activity.In order to efficiently extract active compounds from plant raw materials, it is important to choose suitable raw material extraction conditions [37]. Extraction of plant raw materials is often carried out with alcoholic or organic solvents, because such extracts usually have a better yield compared to extracts obtained using aqueous solvents [38, 39]. On the other hand, aqueous solvents are non-toxic and more widely used in pharmaceutical formulations [40]. Ultrasonic extraction is a commonly used extraction method that allows to shorten the extraction time and control the temperature during extraction [41]. Traditional methods, such as maceration, are characterized by a longer raw material extraction process compared to infusions and decoctions, but extraction does not require special equipment [42-44]. It is relevant to select safe solvents for the extraction of active compounds from propolis and its plant precursor raw materials and to select appropriate extraction conditions in order to apply the extracts in the modeling of eye drops.
520 $a Propolis gerai zinomas del antioksidaciniu, antibakteriniu, priesuzdegiminiu, priesveziniu ir kitu savybiu [3, 4]. Mokslineje literaturoje placiai aprasoma fenoliniu junginiu nauda sveikatai, kuri daznu atveju siejama su antioksidaciniu, priesuzdegiminiu, antibakteriniu, priesveziniu poveikiais [8, 9] bei odos apsauginemis funkcijomis nuo UV spinduliu [10, 11]. Fenoliniai junginiai veikia kaip antioksidantai, slopina reaktyvias deguonies formas arba ju gamyboje dalyvaujancius fermentus, gali veikti fermentines ir signalines sistemas atsakingas uz uzdegiminius procesus [12-14]. Oksidacinis stresas oftalmologijoje yra susijes su akiu ligomis - geltonosios demes degeneracija, katarakta, uveitu, keratitu ar akiu uzdegimu [19, 20]. Propolio zaliavoje nustatyta fenoliniu rugsciu, flavonoidu, aminorugsciu, vitaminu, mineralu, riebalu rugsciu, diterpenu, seskviterpenu, lignanu ir aromatiniu aldehidu [21, 22]. Inokuchi ir kt. atlikto tyrimo metu Brazilijos zaliojo propolio ekstraktas parode gebejima slopinti apoptoze ir neurotoksiskuma, sukelta kultivuotose RGC-5 ziurkiu tinklaines ganglioninese lastelese bei sumazino N-metil-d-aspartato injekcijos sukelta tinklaines pazeidima pelese [26]. Propolio chemine sudetis yra glaudziai susijusi su surinkimo vietoveje vyraujancias augalais, kuriu veiklieji junginiai lemia jo chemine sudeti [28]. Mokslininkai vis placiau nagrineja propolio augaliniu pirmtaku chemine sudeti, biologini aktyvuma, siekdami propolio zaliavos kokybes standartizavimo [28]. Atsizvelgiant i tai, kad propolio isgavimas yra daugiapakopis procesas, aktualu tyrineti augalinius pirmtakus siekiant ju pritaikymo kaip alternatyva propoliui. Augaliniu pirmtaku pritaikymo alternatyva propoliui yra siejama ir su jo prigimtimi [32]. Biciu produktai yra priskiriami gyvulines kilmes produktams ir tai apriboja propolio pritaikyma visuomenes daliai, kuri nevartoja gyvulines kilmes produktu [33]. Reikia pastebeti, kad iki siol Lietuvoje nebuvo tirti augaliniai propolio pirmtakai. Sio tyrimo vienas is uzdaviniu buvo parinkti galimu propolio augaliniu pirmtaku - tuopu, berzu ir pusu pumpuru ekstrakcijos salygas bei ivertinti chemine sudeti ir biologini aktyvuma.Siekiant efektyvaus veikliuju junginiu isskyrimo is augaliniu zaliavu svarbu parinkti tinkamas zaliavos ekstrakcijos salygas [37]. Augalines zaliavos ekstrakcija daznu atveju vykdoma alkoholiniais ar organiniais tirpikliais, tokie ekstraktai paprastai pasizymi geresne iseiga lyginant su ekstraktais gautais naudojant vandeninius tirpiklius [38, 39]. Ultragrasine ekstrakcija yra daznai taikomas ekstrakcijos metodas, kuris leidzia sutrumpinti ekstrakcijos laika ir kontroliuoti temperatura ekstrakcijos metu [41]. Tradiciniai metodai, pavyzdziui, maceracija pasizymi ilgesniu zaliavos ekstrahavimo procesu ly- 48 ginant su uzpilais ir nuovirais, taciau ekstrakcija nereikalauja specialios irangos [42-44]. Aktualu parinkti saugius tirpiklius veikliuju junginiu isskyrimui is propolio ir jo augaliniu pirmtaku zaliavu bei parinkti tinkamas ekstrakcijos salygas siekiant ekstraktu pritaikymo akiu lasu modeliavime.Viena is visuomene varginanciu problemu sausu akiu sindromas yra daznas sutrikimas, kuris apima ivairias akies pavirsiaus dalis - jungines epiteli, ragenos epiteli, asaru plevele bei akiu vokus ar blakstienas. Sausu akiu sindromo klinikinis paplitimas gali siekti nuo 5 % iki 50 %, rezultatai priklauso nuo tiriamos populiacijos, labiau paplitusi tarp suaugusiuju, vyresniu nei 40 metu asmenu [45]. Siuo metu demesys skiriamas akiu preparatams su naturalios kilmes biologiskai aktyviais junginiais, aktualu atrinkti propolio augaliniu pirmtaku ekstraktus ir pritaikyti akiu lasu modeliavime, kaip fenoliniu junginiu saltini. Paskelbti moksliniu tyrimu rezultatai rodo rysi tarp oksidacinio streso ir akiu pavirsiaus ligu vystymosi [49-51], o vienas is iprastu sprendimu - vietinio poveikio profilaktiniu akiu priemoniu naudojimas [51]. Asaru skystyje naturaliai yra antioksidantu, kurie atlieka apsaugine funkcija akies pavirsiuje nuo reaktyviu deguonies rusiu [52]. Normaliomis salygomis ragena sugeria didziaja dali UV spinduliu bei apsaugo vidine aki nuo sukelto neigiamo UV poveikio [53]. Del ultravioletines sviesos poveikio oksidacinis stresas gali sukelti ragenos pazeidimus [54]. Taranta Martin ir kt. vertino brazilijos propolio poveiki ragenos zaizdu gijimui ir uzdegimui [57].
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