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Policing, Sensemaking & the Politics of Artificial Intelligence in Canada.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Policing, Sensemaking & the Politics of Artificial Intelligence in Canada./
Author:	Fournier-Simard, Michel.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2023,
Description:	292 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-11, Section: A.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International85-11A.
Subject:	Innovations. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=31078887
ISBN:	9798382616834

Policing, Sensemaking & the Politics of Artificial Intelligence in Canada.
Fournier-Simard, Michel.

Policing, Sensemaking & the Politics of Artificial Intelligence in Canada. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2023 - 292 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-11, Section: A.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McGill University (Canada), 2023.

One of the most crucial issues of our time for social scientists is to understand how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming democratic societies. Here I study Canadian police policy making in the era of AI. As the police enacts the state monopoly of legitimate violence over a given territory, the ways in which it engages with AI to enhance this poweror notand how society responds to it, are crucial dynamics illustrative of the challenges AI pose for policymakers. I introduce the concept of Police AI Technological Innovations(PAITI): the procurement or use of a new piece of capital equipment that uses algorithms and AI to enhanceand potentially transformpolice decision-making practices. The first contribution of this dissertation is to explore how police leaders and other key policy actors make sense of PAITI. With limited information or technical background in AI, police leaders are tasked with translating complex technologies in policing terms; weight accountability and budgetary considerations; assess the needs and receptivity to change of their members; and consider how various stakeholders will respond to the AI turn in policing.Furthermore, this dissertation examines how this sensemaking impacts the very principles of democratic policing: that police services obey the rule of law (not tyrants), limit interventions in people's lives, and are ultimately accountable to citizens. PAITI risk embedding police services within urban infrastructures, where they will be less visible or accountable to citizens, but more informed on them. PAITI policy is as such central to the continuous power struggle over the future of democratic policing.In a first theoretical chapter, this dissertation develops an assumption-based model to explore how the police simplifies PAITI according to its preferences. It is rooted in political science, Science and Technology Studies, and police sociology literature on how the police traditionally approaches innovations and organizational changes. I argue police leaders facing complex decisions regarding police AI technologies make sense of them through a simplification process centred on (1) the impact of technologies on traditional policing (enhancement or transformation), and (2) the type of surveillance capacities they enhance (direct or indirect). I introduce these simplifications under the form of two distinct, complementary continuums. On a change continuum, police leaders make sense of PAITI through a simplification process centred on the impact of technologies on traditional policing. Innovations that enhance what is valued as "real" police work by making it more efficient will be more likely to be adopted than innovations that fundamentally transform the nature of police work. On a surveillance continuum, an innovation that develops police surveillance capacities in a way that is visible to the public and habilitates the police to identify individuals directlyis less likely to be favoured by police leaders.This theoretical argument is developed through the case of Canadian municipal PAITI policies, in three empirical chapters. Chapter 2 studies how environmental factors influence automatic licence plate readers (ALPR) programmatic dimensions. It fleshes out interactions between sensemaking, technical capacities, and context, by contrasting the Montreal and British Columbia cases. Chapter 3 refines our knowledge of organizations sensemaking of place-based predictive policing (PP). It gives a voice to officers who do not interact with PP. Implemented in 2017, the Vancouver Police Department exemplifies how police services' technoscientific attitudes of PP risk perpetuating historic flaws and biases of policing under a false sense of algorithmic impartiality. Chapter 4 highlights the political dimension of body-worn cameras (BWC). The chapter notably discusses the case of Toronto, where AI was a key consideration during its 2020 BWC rollout.

ISBN: 9798382616834Subjects--Topical Terms:

754112
Innovations.

Policing, Sensemaking & the Politics of Artificial Intelligence in Canada.
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500 $a Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-11, Section: A.
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502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--McGill University (Canada), 2023.
520 $a One of the most crucial issues of our time for social scientists is to understand how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming democratic societies. Here I study Canadian police policy making in the era of AI. As the police enacts the state monopoly of legitimate violence over a given territory, the ways in which it engages with AI to enhance this poweror notand how society responds to it, are crucial dynamics illustrative of the challenges AI pose for policymakers. I introduce the concept of Police AI Technological Innovations(PAITI): the procurement or use of a new piece of capital equipment that uses algorithms and AI to enhanceand potentially transformpolice decision-making practices. The first contribution of this dissertation is to explore how police leaders and other key policy actors make sense of PAITI. With limited information or technical background in AI, police leaders are tasked with translating complex technologies in policing terms; weight accountability and budgetary considerations; assess the needs and receptivity to change of their members; and consider how various stakeholders will respond to the AI turn in policing.Furthermore, this dissertation examines how this sensemaking impacts the very principles of democratic policing: that police services obey the rule of law (not tyrants), limit interventions in people's lives, and are ultimately accountable to citizens. PAITI risk embedding police services within urban infrastructures, where they will be less visible or accountable to citizens, but more informed on them. PAITI policy is as such central to the continuous power struggle over the future of democratic policing.In a first theoretical chapter, this dissertation develops an assumption-based model to explore how the police simplifies PAITI according to its preferences. It is rooted in political science, Science and Technology Studies, and police sociology literature on how the police traditionally approaches innovations and organizational changes. I argue police leaders facing complex decisions regarding police AI technologies make sense of them through a simplification process centred on (1) the impact of technologies on traditional policing (enhancement or transformation), and (2) the type of surveillance capacities they enhance (direct or indirect). I introduce these simplifications under the form of two distinct, complementary continuums. On a change continuum, police leaders make sense of PAITI through a simplification process centred on the impact of technologies on traditional policing. Innovations that enhance what is valued as "real" police work by making it more efficient will be more likely to be adopted than innovations that fundamentally transform the nature of police work. On a surveillance continuum, an innovation that develops police surveillance capacities in a way that is visible to the public and habilitates the police to identify individuals directlyis less likely to be favoured by police leaders.This theoretical argument is developed through the case of Canadian municipal PAITI policies, in three empirical chapters. Chapter 2 studies how environmental factors influence automatic licence plate readers (ALPR) programmatic dimensions. It fleshes out interactions between sensemaking, technical capacities, and context, by contrasting the Montreal and British Columbia cases. Chapter 3 refines our knowledge of organizations sensemaking of place-based predictive policing (PP). It gives a voice to officers who do not interact with PP. Implemented in 2017, the Vancouver Police Department exemplifies how police services' technoscientific attitudes of PP risk perpetuating historic flaws and biases of policing under a false sense of algorithmic impartiality. Chapter 4 highlights the political dimension of body-worn cameras (BWC). The chapter notably discusses the case of Toronto, where AI was a key consideration during its 2020 BWC rollout.
520 $a Comprendre comment l'Intelligence artificielle (IA) transforme nos societes democratiques est un enjeu crucial pour les sciences sociales de notre epoque. J'etudie ici les politiques publiques policieres a l'ere de l'IA. La police promulguant le monopole de la violence de l'Etat sur un territoire donne, la maniere dont elle approche l'IA afin d'accentuer ce pouvoirou paset comment la societe repond, sont des dynamiques illustratives des defis que pose l'IA pour nos decideurs. Je developpe le concept d'innovations technologiques policieres de l'IA (PAITI), soit l'acquisition d'instruments utilisant les algorithmes et l'IA pour accroitreet potentiellement transformerles processus decisionnels policiers. La premiere contribution de cette these est d'explorer comment les decideurs policiers font sens des PAITI. Avec une formation technique limitee en IA, et peu d'informations, les leaders policiers doivent decrypter des technologies complexes; mesurer les impacts budgetaires et de transparence; evaluer les besoins et receptivites de leurs membres, et prevoir les reactions de parties prenantes variees par rapport au tournant IA de la police.Cette these examine de plus comment cette construction de sens (sensemaking) impacte les principes meme de la police democratique: que la police obeit a la regle de droit (et non des tyrans), limite son intervention dans la vie des individus, et est ultimement redevable devant les citoyens. Le risque des PAITI est de voir la police se fondre dans l'infrastructure urbaine, ou elle en saura plus sur les citoyens, mais sera moins visible ou redevable envers eux. Les politiques policieres de l'IA sont donc au centre de la lutte de pouvoir continue sur le futur de la police democratique.Dans un premier chapitre theorique, cette these developpe des hypotheses explorant comment les leaders policiers simplifient les PAITI selon leurs preferences. Mon approche est ancree dans la litterature STS, la sociologie policiere, et la science politique. J'argumente que les dirigeants policiers faisant face a des decisions complexes sur les technologies policieres de l'IA en font sens a travers un processus de simplification centre sur (1) les impacts des technologies sur la police traditionnelle (renforcement versus transformation), et (2) le type de capacites de surveillance qu'elle promulgue (direct ou indirect). Je presente ces simplifications sur la forme de deux continuums distincts et complementaires. Sur le continuum du changement, les dirigeants policiers construisent le sens de PAITI a travers un processus de simplification centre sur l'impact des technologies sur la police traditionnelle. Les innovations qui renforcent le « vrai » travail policier auront plus de chance d'etre adoptees que celles qui transformentla nature du travail policier. Sur le continuum de la surveillance, une innovation qui developpe des capacites de surveillances policieres visibles et identifiant des individus directement sera moins favorisee par les dirigeants policiers soucieux de leurs relations avec le public.Cet argument theorique est developpe dans trois chapitre empiriques portant sur des municipalites canadiennes. Le chapitre 2 etudie les facteurs environnementaux influencant les programmes de lecteurs de plaques automatiques (ALPR). Le chapitre 3 raffine notre comprehension de la construction de sens organisationnelle de la police predictive de lieux (PP). Des policiers non impliques avec la PP y ont voix. Depuis 2017, la police de Vancouver exemplifie les risques de perpetuer des biais policiers historiques sous le faux semblant de l'impartialite algorithmique. Le chapitre 4 met l'emphase sur les dimensions politiques des cameras portatives (BWC). Je demontre ceci a l'aide du cas de Toronto, ou l'IA etait au centre des considerations du service lors du lancement des BWC en 2020.
590 $a School code: 0781.
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650 4 $a Global positioning systems--GPS. $3 3559357
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