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Investigating the Effect of ENA/VASP-EVH1 Domain-Mediated Interactions Inhibition in Immune Cells.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Investigating the Effect of ENA/VASP-EVH1 Domain-Mediated Interactions Inhibition in Immune Cells./
Author:	Nayab, Hafiza.
Description:	1 online resource (164 pages)
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-05, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International84-05B.
Subject:	Infections. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=29730979click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9798352973721

Investigating the Effect of ENA/VASP-EVH1 Domain-Mediated Interactions Inhibition in Immune Cells.
Nayab, Hafiza.

Investigating the Effect of ENA/VASP-EVH1 Domain-Mediated Interactions Inhibition in Immune Cells. - 1 online resource (164 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-05, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Freie Universitaet Berlin (Germany), 2022.

Includes bibliographical references

1.1. Immune system: The immune system is a precisely developed body's defensive system that has the primary function to protect against foreign invaders (viruses, bacteria, parasites) and antigens by complex biochemical responses 1. The immune system itself is a complicated system divided into innate and adaptive immune systems based on its responses. Both systems are distinct in occurrence, whereas their functions are overlapping and interconnected 2. The innate immune system is a non-specific, immediate, and relatively short-lived response that cannot form immune memory. It is the host's first-line defense to invading pathogens. The innate immune system comprises different components from physical barriers like skin and mucosa to effector cells like granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer, dendritic cells 3, and chemical mediators 4 . They collectively protect from microbial attack by directly killing them or by initiating proper immunological responses against pathogens. These responses are mediated by receptors (TLR, HLA, MHC, etc.), proteins, enzymes, chemokines, and cytokines 5. Innate immune response to pathogens relies on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which allow immune cells to detect and respond rapidly to a wide range of pathogens that share common structures, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Bacterial cell wall components, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) produced during viral infection are examples of PAMPs 6 .Innate immune response has characteristics of rapid recruitment of immune cells to infection sites and initiation of the inflammatory response by release of cytokines and chemokines. Key inflammatory cytokines released during the early response to bacterial infections are tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The inflammatory response created is essential for the clearance of pathogens 5. The complement system of the innate immune system performs pathogen processing and renders them susceptible to phagocytosis by phagocytic cells. The process of phagocytosis is accomplished by neutrophils and monocyte-derived cells (macrophages, dendritic cells). Although both cell types share the same phagocytic function, neutrophils are relatively short-lived cells containing granules and enzyme pathways that assist in eliminating pathogenic microbes 3 . Whereas macrophages and dendritic cells are long-lived cells that in addition to phagocytosis involved in antigen presentation to T-cells. Therefore, due to their ability to initiate acquired immune responses, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T-cells are considered as the linker between innate and adaptive immune responses 7.The adaptive immune system is commonly referred to as the acquired system. Unlike the innate immune response, the adaptive immune response is precise and well organized 8. Maintaining memory is a key feature of the adaptive immune system. The primary adaptive response is to release antigen-specific antibodies upon antigen recognition, which often takes days to mature. Once established, antibody memories are maintained for the rest of life. Memory cells maintain secondary response by reacting rapidly and efficiently to subsequent antigen encounter 9. This secondary response is often more potent than the primary response. Thus, adaptive immune responses are the basis for adequate immunization against infectious diseases. The cells of the adaptive immune system include T-cells and B-cells 10. T-cells express a specialized receptor, T-cell receptor (TCR), that controls cell activation by recognizing specific peptides presented by major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) molecules.

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2023

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9798352973721Subjects--Topical Terms:

1621997
Infections.
Index Terms--Genre/Form:

542853
Electronic books.

Investigating the Effect of ENA/VASP-EVH1 Domain-Mediated Interactions Inhibition in Immune Cells.
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520 $a 1.1. Immune system: The immune system is a precisely developed body's defensive system that has the primary function to protect against foreign invaders (viruses, bacteria, parasites) and antigens by complex biochemical responses 1. The immune system itself is a complicated system divided into innate and adaptive immune systems based on its responses. Both systems are distinct in occurrence, whereas their functions are overlapping and interconnected 2. The innate immune system is a non-specific, immediate, and relatively short-lived response that cannot form immune memory. It is the host's first-line defense to invading pathogens. The innate immune system comprises different components from physical barriers like skin and mucosa to effector cells like granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer, dendritic cells 3, and chemical mediators 4 . They collectively protect from microbial attack by directly killing them or by initiating proper immunological responses against pathogens. These responses are mediated by receptors (TLR, HLA, MHC, etc.), proteins, enzymes, chemokines, and cytokines 5. Innate immune response to pathogens relies on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which allow immune cells to detect and respond rapidly to a wide range of pathogens that share common structures, known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Bacterial cell wall components, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) produced during viral infection are examples of PAMPs 6 .Innate immune response has characteristics of rapid recruitment of immune cells to infection sites and initiation of the inflammatory response by release of cytokines and chemokines. Key inflammatory cytokines released during the early response to bacterial infections are tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 1 (IL-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The inflammatory response created is essential for the clearance of pathogens 5. The complement system of the innate immune system performs pathogen processing and renders them susceptible to phagocytosis by phagocytic cells. The process of phagocytosis is accomplished by neutrophils and monocyte-derived cells (macrophages, dendritic cells). Although both cell types share the same phagocytic function, neutrophils are relatively short-lived cells containing granules and enzyme pathways that assist in eliminating pathogenic microbes 3 . Whereas macrophages and dendritic cells are long-lived cells that in addition to phagocytosis involved in antigen presentation to T-cells. Therefore, due to their ability to initiate acquired immune responses, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T-cells are considered as the linker between innate and adaptive immune responses 7.The adaptive immune system is commonly referred to as the acquired system. Unlike the innate immune response, the adaptive immune response is precise and well organized 8. Maintaining memory is a key feature of the adaptive immune system. The primary adaptive response is to release antigen-specific antibodies upon antigen recognition, which often takes days to mature. Once established, antibody memories are maintained for the rest of life. Memory cells maintain secondary response by reacting rapidly and efficiently to subsequent antigen encounter 9. This secondary response is often more potent than the primary response. Thus, adaptive immune responses are the basis for adequate immunization against infectious diseases. The cells of the adaptive immune system include T-cells and B-cells 10. T-cells express a specialized receptor, T-cell receptor (TCR), that controls cell activation by recognizing specific peptides presented by major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) molecules.
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